1、Designation: D4814 11bD4814 12Standard Specification forAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the establishment of require
3、ments of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped withspark-ignition engines.1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions.It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in acc
4、ordance with seasonal climatic changesat the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept. 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii. Variation of theantiknock
5、index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarilyincludes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can performunsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in cer
6、tain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of thisspecification is shown in Appendix X1.1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcoholsand ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels that contain a
7、n oxygenate as the primary component, such as Fuel Methanol(M85). The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. However, depending onoxygenate type, as oxygenate content increases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehicle problems also in
8、creases. Thecomposition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties,including volatility, are defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of unleaded fuel is subject to the rules,regulations, and Clean Air Act waiv
9、ers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard to fuel properties,including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer toAppendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphor
10、ous contents, deposit control additivecertification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules andadditional requirements.1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel
11、. Reformulatedspark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics aredescribed in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel.2 However, in addition to the legal requirements foundin this research report, reform
12、ulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in thisspecification.1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is undercontinuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes in fuel,
13、 automotive requirements, or test methods, or acombination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1.6 Tests applicable to gasoline are
14、 not necessarily applicable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of fuel underconsideration must first be identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a procedure for determiningoxygenate concentration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also includes pr
15、ocedures for calculating mass oxygen content andoxygenate concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuelusing measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured density or relative density of the fuel.
16、1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.A0.01on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2012. Published January 2012February 2013. Origin
17、ally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2011 asD481411a.11b. DOI: 10.1520/D4814-11B.10.1520/D4814-12.2 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1347.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intend
18、ed only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current
19、 versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.7 The following applies to all s
20、pecified limits in this standard: For purposes of determining conformance with thesespecifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit usedin expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding method of
21、Practice E29. For a specification limit expressedas an integer, a trailing zero is significant only if the decimal point is specified. For a specified limit expressed as an integer, andthe right-most digit is non-zero, the right-most digit is significant without a decimal point being specified. This
22、 convention appliesto specified limits in Tables 1, 3, and Table X8.1X7.1, and it will not be observed in the remainder of this specification.1.8 The values stated in SI units are the standard, except when other units are specified by federal regulation. Values given inparentheses are provided for i
23、nformation only.NOTE 2Many of the values shown in Table 1 were originally developed using U.S. customary units and were subsequently soft-converted to SI values.As a result, conversion of the SI values will sometimes differ slightly from the U.S. customary values shown because of round-off. In some
24、cases, federalregulations specify non-SI units.1.9 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Annex A1, of this specification.This standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user o
25、f thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Co
26、pper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet EvaporationD439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline (Withdrawn 1990)4D525 Test Method for Oxidation Stabil
27、ity of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelengt
28、h Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service
29、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure and Distillation Class RequirementsAVapor Pressure/Distillation
30、 ClassVaporPressure,Bat 37.8C (100F)max, kPa (psi)Distillation Temperatures, C (F), at % Evaporated. maxC DistillationResidue,volume %,maxDriveability Index,Dmax, C (F)DerivedE,F10 volume %, max50 volume % 90 volume %, max End Point, maxminG maxAA 54(7.8) 70.(158) 77(170.) 121(250.) 190.(374) 225(43
31、7) 2 597(1250.)A 62(9.0) 70.(158) 77(170.) 121(250.) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 597(1250.)B 69(10.0) 65(149) 77(170.) 118(245) 190.(374) 225(437) 2 591(1240.)C 79(11.5) 60.(140.) 77(170.) 116(240.) 185(365) 225(437) 2 586(1230.)D 93(13.5) 55(131) 77(170.)H 113(235) 185(365) 225(437) 2 580.(1220.)E 103(15.
32、0) 50.(122) 77(170.)H 110.(230.) 185(365) 225(437) 2 569(1200.)A See 1.7 for determining conformance with specification limits in this table. When using this table to determine the conformance of gasoline volatility, the reader is advisedto review other possible requirements (for example, EPA Substa
33、ntially Similar rule, California Air Resources Board (CARB), Clean Burning Gasoline (CBG), other stateor local and pipeline specifications).B Consult EPA for approved test methods for compliance with EPA vapor pressure regulations.C At 101.3 kPa pressure (760 mm Hg).D Driveability Index (DI) = 1.5 T
34、10 + 3.0 T50 + 1.0 T90 + 1.33C (2.4F) Ethanol Volume %, where T10 = distillation temperature, C (F), at 10 % evaporated, T50 =distillation temperature, C (F), at 50 % evaporated,T90 = distillation temperature, C (F), at 90 % evaporated, and 1.33 is the coefficient for the volume % ethanol presentwhe
35、n the distillation results are determined in degrees Celsius and 2.4 is the coefficient when distillation results are determined in degrees Fahrenheit.E The DI specification limits are applicable at the refinery or import facility as defined by 40 CFR Part 80.2 and are not subject to correction for
36、precision of the test method.F Since DI is an index and has no units, the standard temperature conversion from U.S. customary to SI units is not appropriate. The following equation is to be used tomake the conversion: DIC5sDIF2176d/1.8G Gasolines that may be blended with 1 to 10 volume percent ethan
37、ol or all other gasolines whose disposition with ethanol blending is not known shall meet a minimum50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 77C (170.F) prior to blending with ethanol. Gasolines that contain 1 to 10 volume percent ethanol shall meet a minimum 50 %evaporated distillation temperatur
38、e of 66C (150.F) after blending.H Gasolines known from the origin to retail that will not be blended with ethanol may meet a minimum 50 % evaporated distillation temperature of 66C (150.F) for volatilityclasses D and E only. Gasolines meeting these limits are not suitable for blending with ethanol.D
39、4814 122D2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct ComparisonTechniqueD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative MicrocoulometryD3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in GasolineD3237 Test
40、Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4177
41、 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4815 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcohols inGasoline by Gas ChromatographyD
42、4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray SpectroscopyD5188 Test Method for Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Determination of Fuels (Evacuated Chamber Method)D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petrole
43、um Products (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)4D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5482 Test Metho
44、d for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini MethodAtmospheric)D5500 Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve DepositFormationD5598 Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Inje
45、ctor FoulingD5599 Test Method for Determination of Oxygenates in Gasoline by Gas Chromatography and Oxygen Selective FlameIonization DetectionD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD5845 Test Method for Determination of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, DIPE, Methanol, Ethanol a
46、nd tert-Butanol in Gasoline byInfrared SpectroscopyD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6378 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure (VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, and Hydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple Expansion Method)
47、D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsD6920 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Naphthas, Distillates, Reformulated Gasolines, Diesels, Biodiesels, and Motor Fuels byOxidative Combustion and Electrochemical DetectionD7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fuel by M
48、onochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray FluorescenceSpectrometryD7667 Test Method for Determination of Corrosiveness to Silver byAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelThin Silver StripMethodD7671 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Silver by Automotive SparkIgnition Engine FuelSilver Strip MethodE29 Pr
49、actice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications2.2 Government Standard:CFR 40 Code of Federal Regulations52.3 Other Standard:CCR Title 17, 60100-60114 California Code of Regulations63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 antiknock index, nthe arithmetic average of the Research octane number (RON) and Motor octane number (MON), thatis, (RON + MON)/2.3.1.2 dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE), nvalue calculated by a defined correlation equation that is expected to becomparable to the vapor pressure value o
