1、Designation: D4848 98 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Terminology Related toForce, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of defini-tions of technical terms related to force and deforma
3、tionproperties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile.(See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.) A chart showing the relationship ofthe basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generallyunderstood or adequately defined in other readily availablesources are not included.1.2 For other terms associa
4、ted with textiles, refer to Termi-nology D123.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the
5、 World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in SkeinFormD5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-ented Yarn3. Terminologybreak factor
6、, n in yarn testing, the comparative breakingload of a skein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of theyarn expressed in an indirect system. D13.58 D1578breaking elongationSee elongation at break.breaking force, nthe maximum force applied to a materialcarried to rupture. (Compare breaking point,
7、 breakingstrength. Syn. force-at-break)DISCUSSIONMaterials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximumforce before rupturing.breaking loaddeprecated term. Use the preferred termbreaking force.breaking point, non a force-elongation c
8、urve, or stress-strain curve, the point corresponding with the breaking forceor the breaking stress in a tensile test. (Compare breakingforce.)breaking strength, nstrength expressed in terms of breakingforce. (See also breaking force and strength. Syn., strengthat break)breaking tenacity, nthe tenac
9、ity at the breaking force. (Seealso breaking force, tenacity.)breaking toughness, ntoughness up to the breaking force ofa material.DISCUSSIONBreaking toughness is represented by the area and thestress-strain curve from the origin to the breaking force per unit length,and, in textile strands, is expr
10、essed as work (joules) per unit of lineardensity of the material. In textile fabrics, the unit is joules per gram.chord modulus, nin a stress-strain curve, the ratio of thechange in stress to the change in strain between two specifiedpoints on the pression, nthe act, process, or result of compacting
11、,condensing, or pressive force, nthe perpendicular force applied tosurface(s) of a material in pression recovery, nthe degree to which a materialreturns to its original dimension(s) after removal of acompressive pression resistance, nthe ability of a material to opposedeformation under a compressive
12、 force.corresponding elongationSee elongation at specified force.corresponding forceSee force-at-specified-elongation.deformation, na change in shape of a material caused byforces of compression, shear, tension, or torsion.DISCUSSIONDeformation may be immediate or delayed. Delayeddeformation may be
13、either recoverable or nonrecoverable.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and FibersCurrent edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edit
14、ion approved in 2012 as D4848 98(2012).DOI: 10.1520/D4848-98R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websi
15、te.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of In
16、ternational Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1deformation, permanent, nthe net long-term change in adimension of a specimen after deformation and relaxationunder specified conditions. (Syn. permanent set, nonreco
17、v-erable deformation, and nonrecoverable stretch.DISCUSSIONPermanent deformation is usually expressed as a per-centage of the original dimension.delayed deformation, ndeformation which is time-dependent and exhibited by material subject to a continuingforce. D13.58 D4848elastic limit, nin mechanics,
18、 the maximum stress which canbe obtained in a material without causing permanent defor-mation of the material. (Compare yield point.)DISCUSSIONElastic limit is a property of a material whereas yieldpoint is a specific point on a stress-strain curve.elasticity, nthat property of a material by virtue
19、of which ittends to recover its original size and shape immediately afterremoval of the force causing deformation.elongation, nthe ratio of the extension of a material to thelength of the material prior to stretching, expressed as apercent.DISCUSSIONElongation may be measured at any specified force
20、or atrupture.elongation at break, nthe elongation corresponding to thebreaking force. (Compare elongation at rupture. See alsoelongation.) Syn. breaking elongation.elongation at the breaking load, ndeprecated term. Use thepreferred term elongation at break.elongation at specified force, (EASF), nthe
21、 elongationassociated with a specified force on the force-extensioncurve. (Syn. corresponding elongation ).elongation at rupture, nthe elongation corresponding to theforce-at-rupture. (Compare elongation at break.)DISCUSSIONThe elongation at rupture for a brittle material is usuallyequal to the elon
22、gation at break; but for ductile materials this elongationmay be greater.extensibility, nthat property by virtue of which a materialcan undergo extension or elongation following the applica-tion of sufficient force.extension, nthe change in length of a material due tostretching. (Compare elongation.
23、)DISCUSSIONExtension may be measured at any specified force or atrupture and is expressed in units of length, for example, millimetres andinches.extension force, nthe force required to stretch a material toa given length. D13.58 D5344extension-recovery cycle, nin tension testing, the continu-ous ext
24、ension of a specimen, with a momentary hold at aspecified extension, followed by a controlled rate of return tozero extension.failure, nan arbitrary point beyond which a material ceasesto be functionally capable of its intended use. (Comparerupture.)DISCUSSIONA material may be considered to have fai
25、led withouthaving ruptured.force, na physical influence exerted by one body on anotherwhich produces acceleration of bodies that are free to moveand deformation of bodies that are not free to move.(Compare strength.)DISCUSSIONForce is properly expressed in newtons (N) or multiplesand submultiples of
26、 newtons, for example kilonewtons (kN) andmillinewtons (mN). Force is also expressed as grams-force (gf),kilograms-force (kgf), or pounds-force (lbf), but the use of these termsis deprecated.force at break, nSee breaking force.force at rupture, nthe force applied to a material immedi-ately preceding
27、 rupture. (Compare breaking force. See alsorupture.)DISCUSSIONMaterials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximumforce before rupturing.force at specified elongation (FASE), nthe force associatedwith a specific elongation on the f
28、orce-extension or force-elongation curve. (Syn. corresponding force.)force-deformation curve, na graphical representation of theforce and deformation relationship of a material underconditions of compression, shear, tension or torsion. (Com-pare force-elongation curve, force-extension curve andstres
29、s-strain curve.)DISCUSSIONForce-deformation related curves include force-extension, force-compression, force-shear (displacement), force-torqueand stress-strain curves. The shape of the force-extension curve of amaterial and the shape of the corresponding stress-strain curve are thesame, only the un
30、its are different. Force is expressed in such units asnewton, kilogram-force, pound force. In tension, shear or compressiontests, deformation is expressed in such units of length as metre,millimetre or inches. In torsion tests, deformation is expressed in suchunits for plane angles as radians or deg
31、rees.force-elongation curve, na graphical representation of theforce and elongation relationship of a material under tension.(Compare force-deformation curve, force-extension curveand stress-strain curve.)force-extension curve, na graphical representation of theforce and extension relationship of a
32、material under tension.(Compare force-deformation curve, force-elongationcurve and stress-strain curve.)TABLE 1 Relationship of Force and Deformation TermsTerm SymbolMathematicalExpressionUnitLength L mm (in.)Extension L mm (in.)Strain L/LElongation L/L 100 %Linear density D1Atex (den)Cross-sectiona
33、lareaAm2(in.2)Force F N (lbf)Tension T N (lbf)Strength S N (lbf)Tenacity F/D1AmN/tex (lbf/den)BStress F/A N/m2(lbf/yd2)BAIn computers, this may be given as “LD” instead of “D1”.BFor fibers, these inch-pound units are usually gf/den and gf/in.2D4848 98 (2018)2immediate elastic recovery, nrecoverable
34、deformationwhich is essentially independent of time, that is, occurring in(a time approaching) zero time and recoverable in (a timeapproaching) zero time after removal of the applied force.(Compare delayed deformation and delayed elastic recov-ery.)initial modulus, nin a stress-strain curve, the slo
35、pe of theinitial straight-line portion of the curve.knot breaking force, nin tensile testing, the breaking forceof a strand having a specified knot configuration tied in theportion of the strand mounted between the clamps of atensile testing machine. (Compare knot breaking strength.See also breaking
36、 force.)knot breaking load, n deprecated term. Use the preferredterm, knot breaking force.knot breaking strength, nstrength expressed in terms ofknot breaking force. (See also knot breaking force.)linear density, nmass per unit length.loaddeprecated term. Use the preferred term, force.load, vtto app
37、ly a force.DISCUSSIONAlthough the terms load and force are frequently usedinterchangeably to denote the same phenomena,ASTM has adopted useof the technically correct term force.load at specified elongation (LASE)deprecated term. Use thepreferred term, force at specified elongation (FASE).load-deform
38、ation curve, ndeprecated term. Use the preferredterm, force-deformation curve.load-elongation curve, ndeprecated term. Use the preferredterm, force-elongation curve.loop breaking force, nin tensile testing, the breaking forceof a specimen consisting of two lengths of strand from thesame supply loope
39、d together in a specified configuration andmounted between the clamps of a tensile testing machine.(Compare loop breaking strength. See also breakingforce.)loop breaking load, ndeprecated term. Use the preferredterm, loop breaking force.loop breaking strength, nstrength expressed in terms ofloop bre
40、aking force. (See also loop breaking force,strength.)modulus, nthe property of a material representative of itsresistance to deformation. (See also chord modulus, initialmodulus, tangent modulus, Youngs modulus).pretension, nthe specified tension applied to a specimenpreparatory to making a test.DIS
41、CUSSIONPretension may be used to establish a uniform baselinefor a test. In tensile testing, the pretension is usually a low forcedesigned to remove kinks, crimp or wrinkles and essentially straightenand align the specimen as it is being mounted in the testing machine.recovery, delayed elasticSee de
42、layed elastic recovery.recovery immediate elasticSee immediate elastic recovery.recovery tensile strainSee tensile strain recovery.rupture, nthe breaking or tearing apart of a material.(Compare failure.)DISCUSSIONAs applied to tensile testing, rupture refers to the totalseparation of a material into
43、 two parts either all at once or in stages, orthe development of a hole in some materials.secant modules, ndeprecated term in textile terminology.Use the preferred term chord modulus.single-strand breaking force, nin tensile testing, the break-ing force of one strand that follows a specified path, u
44、suallya straight line, between the clamps of a tensile testingmachine. (Compare breaking force.)single-strand strength, ndeprecated term. Use single-strandbreaking strength.skein break factor, nthe comparative breaking strength of askein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of the yarnexpressed i
45、n an indirect system; the product of the breakingstrength of the skein and the yarn number expressed in anindirect system.DISCUSSIONA statement of the break factor of the skein mustindicate the number of wraps in the skein if this is not otherwiseapparent; without information on the number of wraps,
46、 a statement ofthe break factor is meaningless. Break factor is frequently given otherdesignations such as lea count constant, lea product, and breaking ratio.skein breaking tenacity, nthe skein breaking strength di-vided by the product of the yarn number in direct numberingsystem and the number of
47、strands placed under tension.DISCUSSIONObserved breaking strength can be converted to break-ing tenacity by dividing the breaking strength by the product of the yarnmeasured in a direct numbering system and the number of strandsplaced under tension (twice the number of wraps in the skein).strain, nd
48、eformation of a material caused by the applicationof an external force.DISCUSSIONStrain is usually expressed as a ratio involving exten-sion.strength, nthe property of a material that resists deformationinduced by external forces. (Compare force.)DISCUSSIONStrength may be expressed in units of force
49、 for aspecific material or units of stress. Traditionally, some have consideredstrength to be an average of individual values rather than the individualvalues.strength at break, nSee breaking strength.strength at rupture, nstrength expressed in terms of theforce at rupture. (Compare breaking strength.)stress, nthe resistance to deformation developed within amaterial subjected to an external force.DISCUSSIONStress is the result of strain
