1、Designation: D4849 131Standard Terminology Related toYarns and Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind
2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTETerms were added editorially in September 2014.1. Scope1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developedby Committee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.1.1.1 This te
3、rminology, mostly definitions, is unique tofibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that aregenerally understood or adequately defined in other readilyavailable sources are not included.1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.58 has jurisdictional responsibilityfor every item in this standard. The standa
4、rds in which theterms and definitions are used are listed by number after thedefinition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed withoutthe approval of 13.58 subcommittee.Any changes approved bythe subcommittee and main committee are then directed tosubcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequen
5、t changesor additions to Terminology D123.1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of theterms under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.58. Otherterminology standards under the jurisdiction of SubcommitteeD13.58 are D3888, D4466, and D4848.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76
6、 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to Designate LinearDensity of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and YarnsD204 Test Methods for Sewing ThreadsD1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length Specimen
7、s (Withdrawn 2010)3D1244 Practice for Designation of Yarn ConstructionD1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by theUntwist-Retwist MethodD1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-CountingD1425 Test Method for Unevenness of Textile Strands UsingCapacitance Testing EquipmentD1577 Test M
8、ethods for Linear Density of Textile FibersD1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in SkeinFormD1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-ber) by the Skein MethodD2102 Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (BundleTest)D2255 Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for AppearanceD
9、2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD2259 Test Method for Shrinkage of YarnsD2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsD2402 Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers(Centrifuge Procedure)D2612 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in S
10、liver and Top(Static Tests)D2494 Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment ofYarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or TowD2645 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or WorstedSystemsD2644 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Woolen SystemD3106 Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elasto-meric Yarn
11、sD3108 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to SolidMaterialD3128 Specification for 2-MethoxyethanolD3217 Test Methods for Breaking Tenacity of ManufacturedTextile Fibers in Loop or Knot ConfigurationsD3218 Specification for Polyolefin MonofilamentsD3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured S
12、taple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingD3334 Test Method for Fabrics Woven from PolyolefinMonofilaments (Withdrawn 1989)3D3412 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to YarnD3513 Test Method for Overlength Fiber Content of Manu-factured Staple FiberD3693 Specification for Labeled Length per H
13、older ofSewing Thread1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013 Published October 2013 Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2007
14、 as D484902b (2007)3.DOI: 10.1520/D4849-13E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last appro
15、ved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D3822 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single TextileFibersD3823 Practice for Determining Ticket Numbers for Sew
16、ingThreadsD3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning SystemsD3937 Test Method for Crimp Frequency of ManufacturedStaple FibersD3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric DefectsD4031 Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured YarnsD4120 Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver,and Top in Dynamic TestsD42
17、38 Test Method for Electrostatic Propensity of Textiles(Withdrawn 1996)3D4466 Terminology Related to Multicomponent Textile Fi-bersD4724 Test Method for Entanglements in Untwisted Fila-ment Yarns by Needle InsertionD4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesD484
18、9 Terminology Related to Yarns and FibersD4911 Tolerances for Yarns Made of Man-Made Fibers andSpun on the Parrallel Worsted or Modified WorstedSystem (Withdrawn 2000)3D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofManufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D5104 Test Method for Shrinkage
19、 of Textile Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D5332 Test Method for Fiber Length and Length Distribu-tion of Cotton Fibers (Withdrawn 2006)3D5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-ented YarnD5647 Guide for Measuring Hairiness of Yarns by thePhoto-Electric ApparatusD6197 Test Method for Classi
20、fying and Counting Faults inSpun Yarns in Electronic TestsD6587 Test Method for Yarn Number Using AutomaticTesterD6612 Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn NumberVariability Using Automated TesterD6774 Test Method for Crimp and Shrinkage Properties forTextured Yarns Using a Dynamic Textured Yarn Tes
21、ter3. Terminology3.1 Alphabetical listings of terms with subcommittee 13.58jurisdiction and attribution for each term.American grain count, na direct yarn numbering system forexpressing linear density, equal to the mass in grains per 120yards of sliver or roving. D2260bad/good test (%BGT), nan index
22、 value which shows thetotal spread, or greatest variation, for the test;mathematically, the difference between the highest andlowest mass readings determined in the test, expressed as apercentage of the average mass. D6612beam, nin textiles, a large spool containing many ends ofyarn wound parallel,
23、and used for such purposes as weavingor warp knitting. D2258beam set, nin textiles, one or more beams of yarn in a singleshipment to be further processed together for a specific enduse. D2258bench marks, nmarks placed on a specimen to define gagelength, that is, the portion of the specimen that will
24、 beevaluated in a specific test. D76boundary friction, nfriction at low sliding speeds (0.02m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-filmlubricant conditions. D3412broken filament, nin multifilament yarn, breaks in one ormore filaments. D3990bulk sample, nin the sampling of bulk material,
25、one or moreportions which (1) are taken from material that does notconsist of separately identifiable units and (2) can beidentified after sampling as separate or composited units.D2258bulk shrinkage, na measure of potential stretch and powerof stretch yarns or a measure of bulk of textured-set yarn
26、s.D4031bunch, na defect in a yarn characterized by a segment notover 6 mm (14 in.) in length that shows an abrupt increase indiameter caused by more fibers matted in this particularplace. (See slug, slub.) D2255cable twist, nthe construction of cabled yarn, cord, or rope inwhich each successive twis
27、t is in the opposite direction to thepreceding twist; an S/Z/S or Z/S/Z construction. D1423calibrate, vto determine and record the relationship betweena set of standard units of measure and the output of aninstrument or test procedure.DISCUSSIONThis term is also commonly used to describe thechecking
28、 of previously marked instruments, an operation more properlydescribed as a description of verification. D76capacity, nfor tensile testing machines, the maximum forcefor which the machine is designed.DISCUSSIONCapacity is the maximum force the tester-frame and thedrive system can exercise on the spe
29、cimen without inadmissibledeformations of the tester-frame, etc. Within its capacity, there areavailable load-cells with different full-scale ranges which may bechosen to select an appropriate full-scale range for a special test. D76case, nin textiles, a shipping unit, usually a carton, box, bale,or
30、 other container holding a number of yarn packages.D2258clamp, nthat part of a testing machine used to grip thespecimen by means of suitable jaws. D76cockles, nin yarns, irregular, thick, uneven lumps. D2255coefficient of friction, nthe ratio of the tangential force thatis needed to maintain uniform
31、 relative motion between twocontacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding themin contact. D3108, D3412coefficient of variation unevenness, nin textiles, the stan-dard deviation of the linear densities over which unevennessis measured expressed as a percentage of the average linearD4849 1312
32、density for the total length within which unevenness ismeasured. (See also unevenness and mean deviationunevenness.) D1425cohesive force, nin a textile strand, the force required toovercome fiber cohesion as the strand is being reduced inlinear density.DISCUSSIONIn dynamic tests, cohesive force is t
33、he force required tomaintain drafting in a roving, silver, or top. In static tests, cohesiveforce is measured while a test specimen is held in a fixed positionbetween two slowly separating clamps. D2612, D4120colorfastness, nthe resistance of a material to change in anyof its color characteristics,
34、to transfer its colorant(s) toadjacent materials, or both, as the result of exposure of thematerial to any real or simulated environment that might beencountered during processing, storage, use or testing of thematerial. D204commercial allowance, nan arbitrary value equal to thecommercial moisture r
35、egain plus a specified allowance forfinish, used with the mass of scoured, oven-dried yarn, tocompute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or legalmass of a shipment or delivery of any specific textilematerial (see also commercial moisture regain) or (3) themass of a specific component in the
36、 analysis of fiber blendsD1907, D2494commercial mass, nbilled mass as determined by a gener-ally accepted method or as agreed upon between the pur-chaser and supplier.DISCUSSIONThe basis for determining the commercial mass of ashipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is generally one of thefollowing:
37、 (1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scouredmaterial)the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by definiteprescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercialallowance, (2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scouredmaterial)the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after s
38、couring by definiteprescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its commercialmoisture regain. (3) CMRU Basis (commercial regain with unscouredmaterial)the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or yarn plus the masscorresponding to its commercial regain. (4) UN Basis (unadjustednet)the mass of the u
39、nscoured fiber or yarn with no adjustment forthe amount of moisture or finish, or both. D2494component, nas used with textile fiber polymers, a polymerwith distinguishable properties. D4466cone, nin textiles, (1) a yarn holder or bobbin of conicalshape used as a core for a yarn package of conical fo
40、rm, alsocalled a cone core. (2) the yarn package obtained when yarnis wound upon a cone core. D2258constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine(CRE), nin tensile testing, an apparatus in which thepulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-measuring mechanism moves a negligible d
41、istance withincreasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) D76constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), nintensile testing, an apparatus in which the rate of increase ofthe force is uniform with time after the first 3 s and thespecimen is free to elongate, this elongation dependent onthe
42、 extension characteristics of the specimen at any appliedforce. D76constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine (CR), natesting machine in which the pulling clamp moves at auniform rate and the force is applied through the other clampwhich moves appreciably to actuate a force-measuringmechanism
43、, producing a rate of increase of force or exten-sion that is usually not constant and is dependent upon theextension characteristics of the specimen. D76container, na receptacle designed to hold a material, or togive integrity to the material.DISCUSSIONThe term container in textiles may include bal
44、es,cartons and other shipping containers. D3333coefficient of variation (CV), na measure of the dispersionof observed values equal to the standard deviation for thevalues divided by the average of the values; may beexpressed as a percentage of the average (%CV). D6612core-spun yarn, na compound stru
45、cture in which a filamentor strand serves as an axis around which a cover of eitherloose fiber or a yarn is wound.DISCUSSION(1) Generalin yarn testing, when the core and coverin this type of compound structure need to be separated, for testing ofeither component, the methods used should not compromi
46、se thephysical properties of the component to be evaluated: and (2)Specificas a sewing thread, the means by which this compoundstructure is made will not allow the core and cover to be readilyseparated without compromising the physical attributes of each com-ponent. Hence, the sewing thread should b
47、e evaluated as a compoundstructure. D204cotton count, nan indirect yarn numbering system generallyused in the cotton system equal to the number of 840-ydlengths of yarn per pound. D1059, D2260, D6587, D6612cotton system, na spinning system adapted to fibers less than65 mm (2.5 in.) in length.DISCUSS
48、IONThis system usually employs flat-top cards and may useroll and other drafting assemblies on intermediate processes andspinning machines. D2645cover, nin yarns, the outside layer of fibers that form thesurface of a yarn. D2255covered yarn, na compound structure which contains dis-tinguishable inne
49、r and outer fibrous elements which can bedifferent. D204CREabbreviation for constant-rate-of-extension. D76crimp, nin a textile strand, the undulations, waviness, orsuccession of bend, curls, or waves in the strand inducedeither naturally, mechanically, or chemically.DISCUSSIONCrimp has many characteristics, among which are itsamplitude, frequency, index, and type. In Test Method D3937, crimp ischaracterized by a change in the directional rotation of a line tangent tothe fiber as the point of tangent progresses along the fiber.
