1、Designation: D 4850 08Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical termsused in the industry related to textile fabrics. Terms that aregenerally understood or ad
3、equately defined in other readilyavailable sources are not included. Other terminology stan-dards that have terms related to textile fabrics are shown in 2.12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile FabricsD 1117 Guide for Evaluating Nonwoven Fabrics
4、D 1336 Test Method for Distortion of Yarn in WovenFabricsD 1388 Test Method for Stiffness of FabricsD 1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics byFalling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) ApparatusD 1775 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of WideElastic Fabrics2D 1777 Test Method for Thickness of
5、 Textile MaterialsD 2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by theTongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)D 2594 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Knitted Fab-rics Having Low PowerD 2646 Test Methods for Backing Fabric Characteristics ofPile Yar
6、n Floor CoveringsD 2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and LaminatedApparel FabricsD 3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of FabricsWoven from Stretch YarnsD 3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush PillingTesterD 3512 Test Method for
7、Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random TumblePilling TesterD 3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD 3773 Test Methods for Length of Woven FabricD 3774 Test Method for Width of Textile F
8、abricD 3775 Test Method for Warp (End) and Filling (Pick)Count of Woven FabricsD 3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricD 3786 Test Method for Bursting Strength of TextileFabricsDiaphragm Bursting Strength Tester MethodD 3787 Test Method for Bursting Strength of TextilesConstant-R
9、ate-of-Traverse (CRT) Ball Burst TestD 3789 Practice for Labeling Cans of Consumer SprayPaint2D 3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven andKnitted FabricsD 3883 Test Methods for Yarn Crimp and Yarn Take-up inWoven FabricsD 3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Rotary Platform, Dou
10、ble-Head Method)D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D 3887 Specification for Tolerances for Knitted FabricsD 3939 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fa
11、brics(Mace)D 3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric DefectsD 4032 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the CircularBend ProcedureD 4033 Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at theSewn Seam in Upholstery Fabrics (Dynamic FatigueMethod) (Discontinued 2001)21This terminology is under the jurisdic
12、tion ofASTM Committee D13 onTextilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,General.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 4850 03a(2007).2Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM I
13、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 4034 Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at theSewn Seam in Woven Upholstery Fabrics (Discontinued2001)2D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Metho
14、d)D 4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)D 4390 Practice for the Evaluation of the Performance ofTerry Bathroom Products for Home Use2D 4772 Test Method for Surface Water Absorption of TerryFabrics (Water Flow)D 4350 Test Method for Corrosivity Index of Plastics and
15、FillersD 4685 Test Method for Pile Fabric AbrasionD 4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesD 4850 Terminology Relating to FabricD 4851 Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics forArchitectural UseD 4964 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of ElasticFa
16、brics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile TestingMachine)D 4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)D 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: MartindaleTesterD 5034 Test Method for Breaki
17、ng Strength and Elongationof Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)D 5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofManufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)D 5278 Test Method for Elongation of Narrow ElasticFabric
18、s (Static-Load Testing)D 5362 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics(Bean Bag)D 5378 Performance Specification for Woven and KnittedShower Curtains for Institutional and Household UseD 5426 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading ofFabrics Used for Inflatable RestraintsD 5430 Test Method
19、s for Visually Inspecting and GradingFabricsD 5446 Practice for Determining Physical Properties ofFabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in InflatableRestraintsD 5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics byTrapezoid ProcedureD 5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor CoveringsD 5793 Test Metho
20、d for Binding Sites per Unit Length orWidth of Pile Yarn Floor CoveringsD 6207 Test Method for Dimensional Stability of Fabrics toChanges in Humidity and TemperatureD 6614 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Textile Fab-rics CRE MethodD 6797 Test Method for Bursting Strength of FabricsConstant-Rat
21、e-of-Extension (CRE) Ball Burst Test3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of a material byrubbing against another surface. D 3884, D 3885, D 3886,D 4157, D 4158, D 4685, D 4966abrasion cycle, none complete movement across the surfaceof a material.DISCUSSIONThe complet
22、e movement for an abrasion cycle isdependent on the action of the abrasion machine and the test methodused. It may consist of one back-and-forth unidirectional movement orone circular movement, or a combination of both. D 3885air permeability, nthe rate of air flow passing perpendicularthrough a kno
23、wn area under a prescribed air pressuredifferential between the two surfaces of a material.DISCUSSIONAir permeability of fabric at a stated pressure differen-tial between two surfaces of the fabric is generally expressed in SI unitsas cm3/s/cm2and in inch-pound units as ft3/min/ft2calculated inopera
24、ting conditions. (See permeability, porosity.) D 737air-supported roof, na fabric roof-system that is properlysecured and primarily supported and held in place by airpressure. D 4851architectural-use, nin the building trade, a descriptive termfor fabrics used in fabric roof-systems or similar indust
25、rialapplications. (See also fabric roof-system.) D 4851bagging, nany material, such as fabric or other suitablematerial used to protect commodities during shipment and/orstorage.DISCUSSIONFabrics may be of the woven, knitted, or non-woventype, and are typically produced with cotton, jute, polyethyle
26、ne, orpolypropylene fibers. D 4850bending length, n(1) generala measure of the interactionbetween fabric weight and fabric stiffness as shown by theway in which a fabric bends under its own weight. It reflectsthe stiffness of a fabric when bent in one plane under theforce of gravity, and is one comp
27、onent of drape; (2)specificthe cube root of the ratio of the flexural rigidity tothe weight per unit area. D 1388blister, nin bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, a bulge,swelling, or similar surface condition on either the facefabric or the backing fabric characterized by the fabric beingraised fro
28、m the plane of the underlying component over alimited area to give a puffy appearance. D 2724bond strength, nof bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, thetensile force expressed in ounces per 25 mm (1 in.) of width,required to separate the component layers under specifiedconditions. D 2724bonded fabri
29、c, na layered fabric structure wherein a face orshell fabric is joined to a backing fabric, such as tricot, withan adhesive that does not significantly add to the thickness ofthe combined fabrics. (See also laminated fabric, coatedfabric.) D 2724book fold, na fabric doubled selvage to selvage, then
30、foldedback and forth upon itself in predetermined lengths. (Seealso shoe fold.)D4850082DISCUSSIONWhen the piece is completed, the fold-edges on eachside are folded once more upon themselves so that the fold-edges areinside, forming a compact package as long as one half the width of thefabric. D 4850
31、bow, na fabric condition resulting when filling yarns orknitted courses are displaced from a line perpendicular to theselvages and form one or more arcs across the width of thefabric. (See also double bow.) D 3882, D 3990braided fabric, na structure produced by interlacing three ormore ends of yarns
32、 in a manner such that the paths of theyarns are diagonal to the vertical axis of the fabric.D 4850broken end, nin woven fabrics, a void in the warp directiondue to yarn breakage. D 3990burlap, na coarse, heavy, plain weave fabric of yarns, suchas bast or cotton fiber yarn. D 4850bursting strength,
33、nthe force or pressure required to rupturea textile by distending it with a force, applied at right anglesto the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe angle of application of force, and the area of thefabric upon which the force is applied varies continuously as the fabricstr
34、etches when it is tested as directed in this method. D 6797bursting strength, nthe force or pressure required to rupturea fabric by distending it with a force, applied at right anglesto the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions.D 3786, D 3787, D 3887circular bend, nsimultaneous, multidirec
35、tional deformationof a fabric in which one face of a flat specimen becomesconcave and the other becomes convex. D 4032coated fabric, na flexible material composed of a fabric andany adherent polymeric material applied to one or bothsurfaces. (See also laminated fabric.) D 4850, D 4851,D 5446color co
36、ntrast, nin textiles, a general term for a visible colordifference between two adjacent areas.DISCUSSIONFor the purpose of Test Methods D 3939 and D 5362, acolor contrast is a visible color difference between a snag and theimmediate surrounding area of the fabric that has no defects. Colorcontrasts
37、often occur when printed fabrics are snagged. D 3939,D 5362constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine (CRE),na testing machine in which the rate of increase of thespecimen length is uniform with time. D 6797constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine(CRE), nin tensile testing, an
38、 apparatus in which thepulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance withincreasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.). D 3787corduroy, na filling cut-pile fabric in which the cut fibersform a surface of wales (rounded cords or ribs) whichusua
39、lly run warpwise. D 4685, D 4850count, nin woven fabric, the number of warp yarns (ends)and filling yarns (picks) per unit distance as counted whilethe fabric is held under zero tension, and is free of folds andwrinkles. D 3775count, nin knitted fabrics, the number (counted units) ofwale loops and c
40、ourse loops per 25 mm (1 in.). D 3787course, nin knitted fabrics, a row of successive loops in thewidth direction of the fabric. D 2594crack mark, nin bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics,asharp break or crease in the surface contour of either the facefabric or the backing fabric that becomes evident
41、 when thebonded, fused, or laminated composite is rolled, bent,draped, or folded. D13.54 D 2724crease retention, nthat property of a fabric which enables itto maintain an inserted crease. D 4850critical defect, na serious defect that judgment and experi-ence indicate is likely to prevent the usabili
42、ty or properperformance of a product from its intended purpose.D 5430cut, nas applied to woven fabric, a length approximately 60yard in the greige. D 4850cut strip test, nin fabric testing, a strip test in which thespecimen is cut to the specified testing width. D 5035defect, nin inspection and grad
43、ing, the departure or non-conformance of some characteristic from its intended levelor state.DISCUSSIONIn inspection and grading the characteristic is usually avisual one. However, defects such as heat damage or poorly finishedtextiles grading by hand may be required. D 5430dimensional change, na ge
44、neric term for changes in lengthor width of a specimen subjected to specified conditions.DISCUSSIONDimensional change is usually expressed as a percentof the original dimension of the specimen. When a dimension increasesit is often referred to as growth. When a dimension decreases it is oftenreferre
45、d to as shrinkage. D 1117, D 2646dimensional stability, nthe ability of a material to retain itslength and width dimensions under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe dimensions are length and width and the specifiedconditions are those of cycled humidity and temperature. D 6207denim, na durable woven
46、 twill fabric, usually of all cotton ora blend of cotton and manufactured fibers, made from avariety of yarn numbers, and in various fabric weights,colors, designs, and finishes. D 4850direction of slippage, nat the seam, the line of movementparallel to either the filling or the warp on a woven fabr
47、ic inwhich minimum force is required to produce yarn slippage.DISCUSSIONThe fabric may be pulled in both directions in manycases. D 4034distortion, nin fabrics, a general term for a visible defect inthe texture of a fabric.DISCUSSIONFor the purpose of Test Methods D 3939 and D 5362,snags are compose
48、d of different combinations of protrusions anddistortions. A distortion is characterized by a group of fibers, yarn, or ayarn segment that is displaced from its normal pattern so that there isa visible change in the texture of the fabric; however, the displacedgroup of fibers, yarn, or yarn segment
49、does not extend above the fabricsurface. Distortions include conditions where (1) tension on a snaggedyarn has changed the size of some loops within a knitted fabric and theresult is a pucker on the surface of the fabric, and (2) tension on asnagged yarn has caused a yarn to break off within a woven fabric andthe result is a change in the texture where the yarn used to be.D 3939, D 5362D4850083double bow, ntwo fabric bows, arcing in the same direction,as in a flattened M or W depending on the viewing angle.(Compare double revers
