1、Designation: D 4886 88 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Geotextiles (Sand Paper/SlidingBlock Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4886; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of resistanceof geotextiles to abrasion using an abras
3、ion tester. This testmethod at this point has only been evaluated for geotextilesnot geomembranes, grids, etc. Therefore, the test method isdesignated for geotextiles, not geosynthetics, as all productsmay not lend themselves to this test method for abrasion. Iflater developments indicate a wider sc
4、ope for this test method,appropriate changes will be made.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in inch-pound units are provided asinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
5、 is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2D 1682 Test Methods for Breaking Load and
6、Elongation ofTextile Fabrics3D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Testing Textiles2D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing4D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, nair maintainedat a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and
7、a temperature of 21 62C (70 6 4F). D 44393.1.2 abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of amaterial by rubbing against another surface. D 1233.1.3 geotextiles, nany permeable textile used with foun-dation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineeringrelated material as an integral part o
8、f a man-made project,structure, or system. D 44393.1.4 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Terminologies D 123 or D 4439.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specimen, mounted on a stationary platform isrubbed by an abradant with specified surface characteristics.Under co
9、ntrolled conditions of pressure and abrasive action,the abradant is rubbed on a horizontal axis using a uniaxionalmotion. Resistance to abrasions is expressed as a percentage oforiginal strength before abrading.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing ofcommerci
10、al shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advisedsince information on the precision of the test is lacking.Comparative testing as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method, the purchaserand the supplie
11、r should conduct comparative tests to determineif there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-tent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigationof bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group oftest specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
12、from a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thet
13、wo parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of theknown bias.5.2 The resistance of abrasion is also greatly affected by theconditions of the tests, such a
14、s the nature of abradant, variableaction of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, thetension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimenand abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.5.3 The resistance of geotextile materials to abrasion asmeasured on a testing machine i
15、n the laboratory is generallyonly one of several factors contributing to performance ordurability as experienced in the actual use of the material.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-ance P
16、roperties.Current edition approved Nov. 25, 1988. Published January 1989.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.3DiscontinuedSee 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
17、cken, PA 19428-2959, United States.While “abrasion resistance” and“ durability” are frequentlyrelated, the relationship varies with different end uses, anddifferent factors may be necessary in any calculation ofpredicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratorytests may be reliable as an i
18、ndication of relative end-useperformance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-tance of various materials is large, but they should not be reliedupon for prediction of actual in-situation life in specific enduses unless there are data showing the specific relationshipbetween laboratory abr
19、asion tests and actual in-situation life inthe intended end-use.5.4 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,including woven, nonwoven, and knit fabrics.5.5 If there is a disagreement arising from differences invalues reported by the purchaser and the seller when using thistest metho
20、d for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any,between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory ofthe seller should be determined with each comparison beingbased on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sam-pling unit of material of the type being evaluated.6. Apparatus6.1 Abra
21、sion Tester,5having the following essential parts:6.1.1 Balanced Head and Block AssemblyThe assemblyshould be two parallel, smooth plates, one of which makes areciprocating motion. The speed of the reciprocating plateshould be adjustable between 10 and 115 double strokes perminute. The stroke length
22、 should be 25 mm (1 in.). The secondplate is rigidly supported by a double-lever assembly toprovide free movement in a direction perpendicular to thereciprocating plate. This plate is stationary during the test andmust be well balanced so that a vertical load can be maintainedby means of dead weight
23、s. Both plates are equipped withclamps at each end to hold the test sample and the abradingmedium. The clamps have gripping surfaces adequate toprevent slippage of the specimen or the abrading materialduring the test.6.1.2 IndicatorMeans should be provided for indicatingthe number of cycles (1 cycle
24、 = 1 double stroke).6.1.3 WeightsWeights should be provided for applying avertical load to the specimen.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, orroutine product evaluation, take at random the number of rollsof fabric directed in an applicable material specification orother
25、agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, suchas agreement to use Practice D 4354. Consider rolls of fabric tobe the primary sampling unit.NOTE 1Abrasion testing is a nonroutine quality control test forgeotextiles and will not normally be performed on every lot by themanufacturer or supplier
26、. When testing for abrasion is performed, how-ever, the sampling should be as described in Section 7.7.2 Laboratory SampleTake for the laboratory sample, aswatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1m (39 in.) along the selvage from each roll in the lot sample.The swatch may be taken
27、 from the end portion of a rollprovided there is no evidence that it is distorted or differentfrom other portions of the roll. In cases of dispute, take aswatch that will exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the rollor the inner wrap around the core.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each swatch in the laborat
28、orysample, prepare two sets of specimens each containing fivespecimens. Cut rectangular specimens 75 by 200 6 1mm(3by8 6116 in.). Cut the set of specimens to be tested in themachine direction with the longer dimension parallel to themachine direction and the set of specimens to be tested in thecross
29、-machine direction with the longer dimension in thecross-machine direction. Take each set of specimens from aswatch along a diagonal so that they will be taken fromdifferent positions across the length and width of the swatch.Take no specimens nearer to the selvage than120th of the fabricwidth or 15
30、0 mm (6 in.), whichever is the smaller.8. Conditioning8.1 Bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium in theatmosphere for testing geotextiles. Equilibrium is considered tohave been reached when the increase in mass of the specimenin successive weighings made at intervals of not less than 2 hdoes no
31、t exceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen.NOTE 2It is recognized that in practice geotextile materials arefrequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has beenreached. While such a procedure cannot be accepted in cases of dispute,it may be sufficient in routine testing to expose th
32、e material to the standardatmosphere for testing for a reasonable period of time before thespecimens are tested. A time of at least 24 h has been found acceptable inmost cases. However, certain fibers may show slow equalization rateswhen they are received on the wet side of equilibrium. When it is k
33、nownthat a fiber loses moisture slowly when approaching equilibrium from thewet side, a preconditioning cycle, as described in Method D 1776, may beagreed upon between contractual parties.8.2 Immerse specimens to be tested in the wet condition inwater, maintained at a temperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F
34、).The time of immersion must be sufficient to wet-out thespecimens thoroughly, as indicated by no significant change instrength or elongation following a longer period of immersion,and at least 2 min. To obtain thorough wetting, it may benecessary or advisable to add not more than 0.05 % of anonioni
35、c neutral wetting agent to the water.9. Procedure9.1 Test the conditioned specimen in the standard atmo-sphere for testing geotextiles, as described in Section 8 of thistest method.9.2 Place the specimen to be tested in the upper (stationary)plate and secure it by means of the clamp at each end of t
36、heplate. Place the abrading medium on the lower (reciprocating)plate and secure it by means of the clamp at each end of theplate. Use Emory cloth equal to 100-grit as the abradingmedium unless specified otherwise by a material specification.NOTE 3When testing nonwoven geotextiles, secure the edges o
37、f thetest specimen to the stationary plate by using double-back tape or someother type adhesive. This prevents deformation (“neckdown”) of thespecimen during the abrasion test.9.3 Lower the top plate onto the bottom plate by releasing5An abrasion tester, available from Custom Scientific Instrument I
38、nc., 13 WingDrive, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, or its equivalent, has been found satisfactory for thispurpose.D 48862the support pin for the top plate. Be sure the abrading mediumand the specimen are properly aligned.9.4 Load the pressure (top) plate with a 1-kg load unlessspecified otherwise by a mater
39、ial specification.9.5 Start the tester and operate at a speed of 30 cpm unlessspecified otherwise in an applicable material specification.9.6 Operate the tester at the specified speed for 250 cyclesor as agreed upon in an applicable materials specification oruntil the specimen ruptures.NOTE 4If a sp
40、ecimen ruptures before the specified number of cyclesis reached, report that the specimen ruptured and the number of cyclescompleted at the time of rupture.9.7 If the specimen or the abrading material slips in theclamps, discard the specimen and test another specimen afteradjustments are made.9.8 Ch
41、eck the abrading medium for wear after each test.Replace every 1250 cycles (5 specimens) or as needed toaccommodate wear.9.9 Determine the end point by the following method:9.9.1 Percentage Loss in Breaking LoadAbrade the speci-men a specified number of cycles, after which determine thebreaking load
42、 using the 50-mm (2-in.) raveled-strip or cut-stripprocedure in Test Methods D 1682, with the exception of agage length of 100 mm (4 in.) and an extension rate of 300 mm(12 in.)/min. The abraded area of the specimen should beplaced midway between the clamps of the machine. Comparethis breaking load
43、with the breaking load determined under thesame conditions on an unabraded portion of the sample.Calculate the loss in breaking load and report to the nearest1.0 % using Eq 1:loss on breaking load, % 5 100 A 2 B!/A (1)where:A = breaking load before abrasion, andB = breaking load, after abrasion.10.
44、Report10.1 Report that the tests were performed as directed in TestMethod D 4886. Describe the material(s) or product(s)sampled and the method of sampling used.10.2 Report the following applicable items:10.2.1 Average of the loss in breaking load, in percent, foreach direction,10.2.2 Test conditions
45、 if different from those specified inthis test method,10.2.3 Number of specimens tested for each direction,10.2.4 Number of specimens which ruptured, if any, beforethe specified number of cycles was reached and the number ofcycles completed before rupture, and10.2.5 Any modification of test specimen
46、s as manufactured,or test method as described.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method is beingestablished.11.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of that property can be defined only in termsof a test method.ASTM International takes no po
47、sition respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibi
48、lity.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to A
49、STM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress
