1、Designation: D4956 091Standard Specification forRetroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4956; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTETable 13 was editorially corrected in December 2009.1. Scope1.1
3、 This specification covers flexible, non-exposed glassbead lens and microprismatic, retroreflective sheeting designedfor use on traffic control signs, delineators, barricades, andother devices.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses ar
4、e mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 7, of this specification. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,
5、associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet
6、 and PlateB209M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and Plate (Metric)B449 Specification for Chromates on AluminumE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE810 Test Method for Coef
7、ficient of Retroreflection ofRetroreflective Sheeting Utilizing the Coplanar GeometryE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristicsof Retroreflectors Under Nighttime ConditionsE991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-mens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE1164 Practice for
8、 Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color EvaluationE1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-ColorSpecimens by SpectrophotometryE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometr
9、y Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)GeometryE2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of FluorescentObjects from Bispectral Photometric DataE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent ColorE2301 Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties ofFluorescent Ret
10、roreflective Sheeting and Marking Materi-als for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal SafetyApplications Using 45:Normal GeometryG7 Practice forAtmospheric Environmental Exposure Test-ing of Nonmetallic MaterialsG147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-lic Materials for Natura
11、l and Artificial Weathering TestsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-celerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms are
12、as described inTerminology E284 and Practice E808.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 reboundable sheeting, nretroreflective material in-tended to be attached to flexible impact resistant plasticdevices, such as traffic drum-like channelizing devices.4. Classification4.1 Retrore
13、flective sheeting shall consist of a white orcolored sheeting having a smooth outer surface and thatessentially has the property of a retroreflector over its entire1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subc
14、ommittee D04.38 onHighway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4956 071. DOI:10.1520/D4956-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM
15、 Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.surface. There are nine types
16、and five classes of retroreflectivesheeting. Types are determined by conformance to the retrore-flectance, color, and durability requirements listed in 6.1 andmay be of any construction providing that those requirementsare met. Type designation is provided as a means for differen-tiating functional
17、performance. Typical examples of applica-tions are provided for descriptive information only and are notintended to be limitations or recommendations. Commonidentifiers for each type are listed in 4.2.4.1.1 The typical applications for the retroreflective sheet-ing addressed in this specification ar
18、e:Type Typical ApplicationI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIV Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsV DelineatorsVI Temporary
19、roll-up signs, warning signs, traffic cone collars, and postbandsVII This type designation has been replaced with Type VIIIVIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIX Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsX This type designation has been replaced with Type
20、 VIIIXI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineators4.2 Retroreflective sheeting shall be classified as follows(the type sequence is not indicative of performance level):4.2.1 Type IA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “en-gineering grade” that is typically an enclosed lens glass
21、-beadsheeting. Applications for this material include permanenthighway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.2 Type IIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“super engineer grade” that is typically an enclosed lensglass-bead sheeting. Applications for this material includepermane
22、nt highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.3 Type IIIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“high-intensity” that is typically manufactured as an encapsu-lated glass-bead retroreflective material or as an unmetalizedmicroprismatic retroreflective element material. Applicatio
23、nsfor this material include permanent highway signing, construc-tion zone devices, and delineators.4.2.4 Type IVA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“high-intensity” that is typically an unmetalized micropris-matic retroreflective element material. Applications for thismaterial include permanent
24、 highway signing, constructionzone devices, and delineators.4.2.5 Type VA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“super high-intensity” that is typically a metalized micropris-matic retroreflective element material. This sheeting is typi-cally used for delineators.4.2.6 Type VIAn elastomeric retrore
25、flective sheetingwithout adhesive. This sheeting is typically a vinyl micropris-matic retroreflective material. Applications include orangetemporary roll-up warning signs, traffic cone collars, and postbands.4.2.7 Type VIIRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified as Type VII have bee
26、n reclassified as TypeVIII. The use of a designation as Type VII has been discon-tinued.4.2.8 Type VIIIA retroreflective sheeting typically manu-factured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective element material.Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, co
27、nstruction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.9 Type IXA retroreflective sheeting typically manu-factured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective element material.Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.10 Typ
28、e XRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified as Type X have been reclassified as Type VIII.The use of a designation as Type X has been discontinued.4.2.11 Type XIA retroreflective sheeting typically manu-factured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective element m
29、aterial.Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.NOTE 1All retroreflective sheetings, but especially microprismaticsheetings, may have unique performance characteristics outside of therange of the standard geometries presented in the
30、tables that define thetypes. Certain applications may require the use of a particular productwithin a particular type in order to achieve a desired level of retroreflec-tivity in a given situation. In these cases, information concerningadditional performance characteristics must be obtained.4.3 Back
31、ing ClassesThe backing required for retroreflec-tive sheeting shall be classified as follows:4.3.1 Class 1The adhesive backing shall be pressure-sensitive, require no heat, solvent, or other preparation foradhesion to smooth, clean surfaces.4.3.2 Class 2The adhesive backing shall have an adhesivetha
32、t shall be activated by applying heat and pressure to thematerial. The temperature necessary to form a durable perma-nent bond shall be a minimum of 150F (66C).4.3.2.1 The Class 2 material shall be repositionable undernormal shop conditions and at substrate temperatures up to100F (38C) and without d
33、amage to the material. The Class 2material may be perforated to facilitate removal of air inheat-vacuum laminators, but the perforations must be of a sizeand frequency such that they do not cause objectionableblemishes when the sheeting is printed.4.3.3 Class 3The adhesive backing shall have a posit
34、ion-able low-tack pressure-sensitive adhesive that requires no heat,solvent, or other preparation for adhesion to smooth, cleansurfaces. It shall be repositionable up to a temperature of 100F(38C) without damage to the material.4.3.4 Class 4The adhesive backing shall have a low-temperature pressure-
35、sensitive adhesive that permits sheetingapplications at temperatures down to +20F (7C) without theaid of heat, solvent, or other preparation for adhesion tosmooth, dry, clean surfaces.4.3.5 Class 5This shall be a nonadhesive backing made ofmaterial commercially used for self-supporting products such
36、as traffic cone collars, temporary roll-up warning signs, andpost bands.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser using this specification shall include thefollowing information:D4956 09125.1.1 ASTM designation (D4956),5.1.2 Classification type (see Section 4),5.1.3 Adhesive class (see 4.3),5.1.4 Day
37、time color (see 6.3),5.1.5 Length and width of sheets (see 8.1),5.1.6 Length and width of rolls (see 8.2),5.1.7 Supplementary information, if required by the pur-chaser, including:5.1.7.1 Compliance with the minimum coefficient of ret-roreflection for 0.1 observation angle is a supplementaryrequirem
38、ent which shall apply only when specified. An obser-vation angle of 0.1 may be specified where the long distanceperformance of a sheeting is to be a requirement,5.1.7.2 Fungus-resistance testing requirements (see Supple-mentary Requirement S1), and5.1.7.3 Reboundable sheeting requirements (see Suppl
39、e-mentary Requirement S2),5.1.8 Indication that the sheeting is intended for work zoneuse, if applicable, to determine which weathering requirementsapply, and5.1.9 Any additional information.6. Performance Requirements6.1 This is a summary of the minimum performance re-quirements for each type of re
40、troreflective sheeting.6.1.1 Type IMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 1; Outdoor Weathering24 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.2 Type IIMinim
41、um Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 3; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.3 Type IIIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable
42、4; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.4 Type IVMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 5; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4;
43、 DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.5 Type VMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 6; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other re
44、quirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.6 Type VIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 7; Outdoor Weathering6 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2.6.1.7 Type VIIRetroreflective sheeting materials p
45、revi-ously classified as Type VII have been reclassified as TypeVIII.6.1.8 Type VIIIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 8; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor
46、 weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.9 Type IXMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 9; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.10 Ty
47、pe XRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified as Type X have been reclassified as Type VIII.TABLE 1 Type I SheetingAObservationAngleEntranceAngleWhite Yellow Orange Green Red Blue Brown0.2 4 70 50 25 9.0 14 4.0 1.00.2 + 30 30 22 7.0 3.5 6.0 1.7 0.30.5 4 30 25 13 4.5 7.5 2.0 0.30.5 +
48、30 15 13 4.0 2.2 3.0 0.8 0.2AMinimum Coefficient of Retroreflection (RA) cd/fc/ft2(cdlx1m2).TABLE 2 Daytime Luminance Factor (Y %)AColorAll exceptType VType VMinimum Maximum Minimum MaximumWhite 27 . 15Yellow 15 45 12 30Orange 10 30 7.0 25Green 3.0 12 2.5 11Red 2.5 15 2.5 11Blue 1.0 10 1.0 10Brown 1
49、.0 9.0 1.0 9.0Fluorescent Yellow-Green 60Fluorescent Yellow 40Fluorescent Orange 20AThe luminance factors shown for fluorescent colors consist of the sum of areflectance luminance factor and fluorescence luminance factor. The luminancefactor may be determined using a good approximation to Illuminant D65, requiringan instrument with an appropriately filtered light source, or by using a bispectralphotometer conforming to Test Method E2301.TABLE 3 Type II SheetingAObservationAngleEntranceAngleWhit
