1、Designation: D4956 16aStandard Specification forRetroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4956; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers flexible, non-exposed gla
3、ssbead lens and microprismatic, retroreflective sheeting designedfor use on traffic control signs, delineators, barricades, andother devices. This specification covers the performance ofretroreflective sheeting materials and does not specificallyaddress inks, overlays, or other imaging methods that
4、may beapplied to retroreflective sheeting material to create trafficsigns or other devices.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered sta
5、ndard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 7, of this specification. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate
6、 safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and PlateB209M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and Plate (Metric)B449 Specificatio
7、n for Chromates on AluminumD2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings tothe Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)E284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE810 Test Method for Coefficien
8、t of Retroreflection ofRetroreflective Sheeting Utilizing the Coplanar GeometryE811 Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics ofRetroreflectors Under Nighttime ConditionsE991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-mens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE1164 Practice for Obtai
9、ning Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-ColorSpecimens by SpectrophotometryE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Usi
10、ng Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)GeometryE2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of FluorescentObjects from Bispectral Photometric DataE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent ColorE2301 Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties ofFluorescent Retroref
11、lective Sheeting and Marking Mate-rials for High Visibility Traffic Control and PersonalSafety Applications Using 45:Normal GeometryG7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Test-ing of Nonmetallic MaterialsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic
12、 MaterialsG147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials inAccel-erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus forExposure o
13、f Non-Metallic Materials2.2 Other StandardsISO 4892-2:2006 Plastics Methods of exposure to laboratorylight sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lampsISO 4892-2:2006/Amd.1:2009 Plastics Methods of expo-sure to laboratory light sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lampsEN12899-1:2007 Fixed, vertical road traffic signs
14、- Part 1:Fixed signs1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.38 onHighway Traffic Control Materials.Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last p
15、revious edition approved in 2016 as D4956 16. DOI:10.1520/D4956-16A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM w
16、ebsite.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms are as described inTerminology E284, Practice E808, and Terminology G113.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1
17、 reboundable sheeting, nretroreflective material in-tended to be attached to flexible impact resistant plasticdevices, such as traffic drum-like channelizing devices.4. Classification4.1 Retroreflective sheeting shall consist of a white orcolored sheeting having a smooth outer surface and thatessent
18、ially has the property of a retroreflector over its entiresurface. There are nine types and five classes of retroreflectivesheeting. Types are determined by conformance to theretroreflectance, color, and durability requirements listed in 6.1and may be of any construction providing that those require
19、-ments are met. Type designation is provided as a means fordifferentiating functional performance. Typical examples ofapplications are provided for descriptive information only andare not intended to be limitations or recommendations. Com-mon identifiers for each type are listed in 4.2.4.1.1 The typ
20、ical applications for the retroreflective sheet-ing addressed in this specification are:Type Typical ApplicationI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIV
21、 Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsV DelineatorsVI Temporary roll-up signs, warning signs, traffic cone collars, and postbandsVII This type designation has been replaced with Type VIIIVIII Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineatorsIX Highway signing, constru
22、ction-zone devices, and delineatorsX This type designation has been replaced with Type VIIIXI Highway signing, construction-zone devices, and delineators4.2 Retroreflective sheeting shall be classified as follows(the type sequence is not indicative of performance level):4.2.1 Type IA retroreflective
23、 sheeting referred to as “en-gineering grade” that is typically an enclosed lens glass-beadsheeting. Applications for this material include permanenthighway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.4.2.2 Type IIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“super engineer grade” that is typica
24、lly an enclosed lensglass-bead sheeting. Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.3 Type IIIA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“high-intensity” that is typically manufactured as an encapsu-lated glass-bead retroreflective ma
25、terial or as an unmetalizedmicroprismatic retroreflective element material. Applicationsfor this material include permanent highway signing, construc-tion zone devices, and delineators.4.2.4 Type IVA retroreflective sheeting referred to as“high-intensity” that is typically an unmetalized micropris-m
26、atic retroreflective element material. Applications for thismaterial include permanent highway signing, constructionzone devices, and delineators.4.2.5 Type VA retroreflective sheeting referred to as “su-per high-intensity” that is typically a metalized microprismaticretroreflective element material
27、. This sheeting is typically usedfor delineators.4.2.6 Type VIAn elastomeric retroreflective sheeting with-out adhesive. This sheeting is typically a vinyl microprismaticretroreflective material.Applications include orange temporaryroll-up warning signs, traffic cone collars, and post bands.4.2.7 Ty
28、pe VIIRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified as Type VII have been reclassified as TypeVIII. The use of a designation as Type VII has been discon-tinued.4.2.8 Type VIIIA retroreflective sheeting typically manu-factured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective
29、element material.Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.9 Type IXAretroreflective sheeting typically manufac-tured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective element material.Applications for this material inc
30、ludepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.4.2.10 Type XRetroreflective sheeting materials previ-ously classified as Type X have been reclassified as Type VIII.The use of a designation as Type X has been discontinued.4.2.11 Type XIA retroreflective sheeting typically ma
31、nu-factured as an unmetalized cube corner microprismatic retrore-flective element material.Applications for this material includepermanent highway signing, construction zone devices, anddelineators.NOTE 1All retroreflective sheetings, but especially microprismaticsheetings, may have unique performan
32、ce characteristics outside of therange of the standard geometries presented in the tables that define thetypes. Certain applications may require the use of a particular productwithin a particular type in order to achieve a desired level of retroreflec-tivity in a given situation. In these cases, inf
33、ormation concerningadditional performance characteristics must be obtained.4.3 Backing ClassesThe backing required for retroreflec-tive sheeting shall be classified as follows:4.3.1 Class 1The adhesive backing shall be pressure-sensitive, require no heat, solvent, or other preparation foradhesion to
34、 smooth, clean surfaces.4.3.2 Class 2The adhesive backing shall have an adhesivethat shall be activated by applying heat and pressure to thematerial. The temperature necessary to form a durable perma-nent bond shall be a minimum of 150F (66C).4.3.2.1 The Class 2 material shall be repositionable unde
35、rnormal shop conditions and at substrate temperatures up to100F (38C) and without damage to the material. The Class 2material may be perforated to facilitate removal of air inheat-vacuum laminators, but the perforations must be of a sizeand frequency such that they do not cause objectionableblemishe
36、s when the sheeting is printed.4.3.3 Class 3The adhesive backing shall have a position-able low-tack pressure-sensitive adhesive that requires no heat,solvent, or other preparation for adhesion to smooth, cleansurfaces. It shall be repositionable up to a temperature of 100F(38C) without damage to th
37、e material.D4956 16a24.3.4 Class 4The adhesive backing shall have a low-temperature pressure-sensitive adhesive that permits sheetingapplications at temperatures down to +20F (7C) without theaid of heat, solvent, or other preparation for adhesion tosmooth, dry, clean surfaces.4.3.5 Class 5This shall
38、 be a nonadhesive backing made ofmaterial commercially used for self-supporting products suchas traffic cone collars, temporary roll-up warning signs, andpost bands.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser using this specification shall include thefollowing information:5.1.1 ASTM designation (D4956)
39、,5.1.2 Classification type (see Section 4),5.1.3 Adhesive class (see 4.3),5.1.4 Daytime color (see 6.3),5.1.5 Length and width of sheets (see 8.1),5.1.6 Length and width of rolls (see 8.2),5.1.7 Supplementary information, if required by thepurchaser, including:5.1.7.1 Compliance with the minimum coe
40、fficient of ret-roreflection for 0.1 observation angle is a supplementaryrequirement which shall apply only when specified. An obser-vation angle of 0.1 may be specified where the long distanceperformance of a sheeting is to be a requirement,5.1.7.2 Fungus-resistance testing requirements (see Supple
41、-mentary Requirement S1), and5.1.7.3 Reboundable sheeting requirements (see Supple-mentary Requirement S2),5.1.8 Indication that the sheeting is intended for work zoneuse, if applicable, to determine which weathering requirementsapply, and5.1.9 Any additional information.6. Performance Requirements6
42、.1 This is a summary of the minimum performance re-quirements for each type of retroreflective sheeting.6.1.1 Type IMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 1; Outdoor Weathering24 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction wo
43、rk zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.2 Type IIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 3; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weather
44、ing shall be 12 months.6.1.3 Type IIIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 4; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.4 Type IVMin
45、imum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 5; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.5 Type VMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable
46、6; Outdoor Weathering36 months, see 6.4; DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2; Other requirements: When sheet-ing is specified for construction work zone applications, theoutdoor weathering shall be 12 months.6.1.6 Type VIMinimum Coefficient of RetroreflectionTable 7; Outdoor Weathering6 months, see 6.4;
47、DaytimeLuminance FactorTable 2.TABLE 1 Type I SheetingAObservationAngleEntranceAngleWhite Yellow Orange Green Red Blue Brown0.2 4 70 50 25 9.0 14 4.0 1.00.2 + 30 30 22 7.0 3.5 6.0 1.7 0.30.5 4 30 25 13 4.5 7.5 2.0 0.30.5 + 30 15 13 4.0 2.2 3.0 0.8 0.2AMinimum Coefficient of Retroreflection (RA) cd/f
48、c/ft2(cdlx1m2).TABLE 2 Daytime Luminance Factor (Y %)AColorAll exceptType VType VMinimum Maximum Minimum MaximumWhite 27 . 15Yellow 15 45 12 30Orange 10 30 7.0 25Green 3.0 12 2.5 11Red 2.5 15 2.5 11Blue 1.0 10 1.0 10Purple 2.0 10 2.0 10Brown 1.0 9.0 1.0 9.0Fluorescent Yellow-Green 60Fluorescent Yell
49、ow 40Fluorescent Orange 20Fluorescent Pink 25 .AThe luminance factors shown for fluorescent colors consist of the sum of areflectance luminance factor and fluorescence luminance factor. The luminancefactor may be determined using a good approximation to Illuminant D65, requiringan instrument with an appropriately filtered light source, or by using a bispectralphotometer conforming to Test Method G147.TABLE 3 Type II SheetingAObservationAngleEntranceAngleWhite Yellow Orange Green Red Blue Brown0.2 4 140 100
