1、Designation: D4970/D4970M 10Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Martindale Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4970/D4970M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance to the formation of
3、pills and other related surface changeson textile fabrics using the Martindale tester. The proceduregenerally is applicable to all types of fabrics, being particularlysuitable for woven fabrics.NOTE 1For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles,refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M,
4、 D3512/D3512M, and D3514.1.2 This test method is not suitable for fabrics thicker than3 mm 0.125 in. because such fabrics cannot be mounted inthe specimen holder.1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned beforetesting.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarde
5、d separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety c
6、oncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to Textile
7、sD3511/D3511M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: BrushPilling TesterD3512/D3512M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Ran-dom Tumble Pilling TesterD3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Othe
8、r Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD7018 Terminology Relating to Glass Fiber and Its Prod-ucts2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for RandomTumble Pilling Test3. Terminology3.1 For all term
9、inology relating to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, refer to Terminologies D4850 and D7018.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:cycle, fuzz, movement, pilling resistance, pills.3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminol-ogy D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.
10、1 Pilling and other changes in the surface appearance,such as fuzzing, that occur in normal wear are simulated on alaboratory testing machine. Fabrics are mounted on the Mar-tindale Tester, and the face of the test specimen is rubbedagainst the face of the same mounted fabric in the form of ageometr
11、ic figure, that is, a straight line, which becomes agradually widening ellipse, until it forms another straight linein the opposite direction and traces the same figure again underlight pressure for a specific number of movements. The degreeof fabric pilling or surface appearance change produced by
12、thisaction is evaluated by comparison of the tested specimen withvisual standards that may be actual fabrics, or photographs offabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observedresistance to pilling is reported using an arbitrary rating scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingTh
13、is method of testing fabricsresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used withcaution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is t
14、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4970 07. DOI:10.1520/D4970-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, w
15、ww.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD3512.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
16、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercialshipment of one or more specific materials by the best availablemethod even though the method has not been recommended foracceptance testing. Although this test method
17、 is not recom-mended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is usedwidely outside the United States.5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences invalues reported by the purchaser and the supplier when usingthis test method, the statistical bias, if any, between thelaboratory of
18、the purchaser and the laboratory of the suppliershould be determined with comparison being based on testingspecimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of thetype being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is rec-ommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of twoparties should t
19、ake a group of test specimens, which are ashomogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of materialof the type in question. The test specimens then should beassigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average test results from the two laboratoriesshould be compared usin
20、g an acceptable statistical protocol andprobability level chosen by the two parties before the testing isstarted. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing datamust be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. Ifa bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, orthe pu
21、rchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret futureresults with consideration for the known bias.5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors that include: type of fiberor blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, andfabric fin
22、ishing treatments. The pilling resistance of a specificfabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of useand individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimenssubjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience shouldbe borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for a
23、series of standards.5.4 Finishes and fabric surface changes may exert a largeeffect on pilling. It is recommended that fabrics be tested afterlaundering or drycleaning, or both. Testing before refurbishingalso may be advisable. Prior agreement between interestedparties should determine the state of
24、the test.5.5 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast.These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena, such as loss of cover
25、,color change, or the development of fuzz. Since the overallacceptability of a specific fabric is dependent on both thecharacteristics of the pills and the other factors affecting thesurface appearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in thelaboratory be evaluated subjectively with regard to the
26、iracceptability and not rated solely on the number of pillsdeveloped.Aseries of standards, based on graduated degrees ofsurface change of the fabric type being tested, may be set up toprovide a basis for subjective ratings. The visual standards aremost advantageous when the laboratory test specimens
27、 corre-late closely in appearance with worn fabrics and show a similarratio of pills to fuzz. Counting the pills and weighing theirnumber with respect to their size and contrast, as a combinedmeasure of pilling resistance, is not recommended because ofthe excessive time required for counting, sizing
28、, and calcula-tion.5.6 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with visual standards, which may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 to 1
29、 (no pilling to verysevere pilling).5.7 This test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, andFIG. 1 Martindale Abrasion TesterFIG. 2 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationD4970/D4970M 10
30、2finish. The applicability of this test method to nonwovenfabrics has not been determined.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Martindale Tester (see Fig. 1).NOTE 2Apparatus and accessories are available commercially.6.2 Standard Felt, of mass 750 6 50 g/m222 6 1.5 oz/yd2and 3 6 0.3 mm 0.12 6 0.01 in. thic
31、k.6.3 Polyurethane Foam Backing0.12 6 0.04 in. 3 6 0.01mm thick, 1.94 lbf/ft329 to 31 kg/m3 density, and 38.23 to47.22 lbf 170 to 210 N hardness.NOTE 3Apparatus and accessories are available commercially.6.4 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFacilities for illumi-nation (cool white fluorescent tube) an
32、d simultaneous viewingtest specimens and fabric or photographic rating standards.Apparatus and options for visual evaluation are listed in Table1.6.5 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an estab-lished pilling resistance rating for checking machine perfor-mance. No universal standard fabri
33、c is available. Each testfacility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.6 Rating Standards:6.6.1 Fabric, a series of tested specimens of a specific fabrictype, which show degrees of pilling or other distortion, or both,for the fabric to be tested. Store the fabric rating standards andhandle them un
34、der conditions that will preserve their originalform and appearance. Mounting with thick cardboard framingaround the specimens is recommended.6.6.2 PhotographicA set of five photographs 105 mm0.125 in., numbered 1 to 5, illustrating varying degrees ofpilling from “very severe pilling” to “no pilling
35、.”36.6.3 Digital imaging and/or rating system.6.7 Fabric Punches or Press Cutters, 38 mm 1.5 in. and140 mm 5.5 in. in diameter.6.8 Facilities for Laundering Samples, if needed.6.9 Facilities for Drycleaning Samples, if needed.7. Sampling7.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric comp
36、onents of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as applicable.7.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sam-pling unit take one full-width piece of fabric that is 1 m 1 ydin length along the selvage (machine direction), after firstremoving a 1 m 1 yd length. For fabric components of
37、fabricated systems use the entire system,8. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation8.1 Unless otherwise specified, samples should be washedor drycleaned before cutting the test specimens. Conditionsappropriate for the fabric end-use or conditions agreed upon byinterested parties should be
38、 used.8.2 Cut a pair of circular specimens from each swatch in thelaboratory sample with one of each pair of specimens being 38mm 1.5 in. in diameter and the other 140 mm 5.5 in. indiameter.8.3 Take the specimens evenly-spaced across the width ofthe laboratory sample or from two different panels in
39、agarment. Specimens should be staggered in such a manner thatno specimens contain the same yarns. Avoid areas withwrinkles and other distortions. Unless otherwise specified, donot cut specimens nearer the selvage less than110 of the widthof the fabric.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Maintenance Check
40、Follow instruction manual forproper maintenance of apparatus.10. Conditioning10.1 Condition specimens in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles, which is 21 6 1C 70 6 20F and 65 % RH62 % relative humidity for at least 4 h prior to testing.11. Procedure11.1 Make all tests in the standard atmosph
41、ere for testingtextiles.11.2 Mount one 140-mm 5.5-in. diameter of standard feltand one fabric specimen on each table (see Fig. 1). Place one38-mm 1.5-in. diameter disk of 3-mm polyurethane foam anda specimen of the same fabric in each of the holders, makingsure the face of the fabric is exposed for
42、both specimens.11.3 Place the specimen holders on the same table as theother fabric specimen and insert a spindle into each specimenholder to give a pressure on the larger specimen of approxi-mately 3 kPa 0.44 psi. This pressure is the same as any othersetup but without additional weights.11.4 Start
43、 the machine and allow it to run for 100 move-ments. Run additional movements in increments of 100 up to1000 movements as directed in a material specification orcontract. Rate the specimen at each specified interval asdirected in Section 12 and record the final rating.12. Evaluation12.1 Place the 38
44、-mm 1.5-in. disk specimen squarely onthe double-faced tape in the viewing cabinet (see Fig. 2).12.1.1 Using the viewing apparatus and option selectedfrom Table 1 and either suitable fabric or photograpic stan-dards, subjectively rate the face of the three specimens, usingthe following scale:5no pill
45、ing4slight pilling3moderate pillingTABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 2)A0.78 rad 45LightboxB0.78 rad 45LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs determined by the buyer and supplierAThe source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this
46、 time isStandard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may a
47、ttend.BAvailable commercially.D4970/D4970M 1032severe pilling1very severe pilling12.1.1.1 When the appearance of a test specimen fallsbetween that of two rating standards, assign the half value (forexample, 3.5 or 2.5).NOTE 4If the test method is to be used as a referee method, aminimum of two grade
48、rs, the agreed-upon standards, and the viewingapparatus and option selected from Table 1 for fabric evaluation shall beused.12.1.2 A digital imaging or rating system may be used asagreed upon by the purchaser and supplier.12.1.3 Average the rating for each laboratory sampling unitand for the lot.13.
49、 Report13.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in TestMethod D4970. Describe the material or product sampled andthe method of sampling used.13.2 Report the following information:13.2.1 Ratings of each individual specimen for pilling, theaverage rating of the four specimens from each laboratorysampling unit, and the average for the lot.13.2.2 If the fabric was washed before testing, launderingconditions used.13.2.3 If the fabric was drycleaned before testing, condi-tions used.13.2.4 Number of movements.13.2
