1、Designation: D 4981 95 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Method forScreening of Oxidizers in Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended for use prior to preparationof waste samples for organic analysis. Waste samples that haveoxidizing com
3、pounds may react with certain reagents in thelaboratory (for example, organic solvents).1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of wasteliquids, sludges, and solids.1.3 This test method can neither identify specific oxidizingcompounds nor measure concentrations. Since no acid or baseis ad
4、ded in this test method, potential oxidizers that require thepresence of acid or base will not be detected by this testmethod.1.4 It is recommended that, prior to this test, waste samplesbe screened for water compatibility; see Test Methods D 5058.1.5 This test method is designed and intended as a p
5、relimi-nary test to complement quantitative analytical techniques thatmay be used to determine the presence of oxidizers in wastes.This test method offers the ability to screen waste for poten-tially hazardous reactions due to oxidizer content when themore sophisticated techniques are not available
6、or the totalwaste composition is unknown.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
7、 limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatement is given in Section 8 and 11.2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 4980 Test Method for Screening of pH in WasteD 5058 Test Methods for Compatability of ScreeningAnalysis of Waste3. Terminology3.1 Desc
8、ription of Term Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 screening analysisA preliminary qualitative orsemiquantitative test that is designed to efficiently give the userspecific information about a waste that will aid in determiningwaste identification, process compatibility, and safety in han-dling.4. Summ
9、ary of Test Method4.1 A small portion of the sample is placed onto a strip ofpotassium iodide (KI) starch paper. The blue color which is theresult of oxidizing the potassium iodide to iodine (I2)inthepresence of starch, indicates a positive test for oxidizers.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test met
10、hod is intended for use by those in wastemanagement industries to avoid potentially harmful reactionsdue to oxidizing compounds in wastes.6. Interferences6.1 Materials that mask the KI starch paper, (for example,oils, syrups, etc.) prevent reaction with the test paper or visualdetection of a color c
11、hange.6.2 Samples or slurries of samples that are already darkcolored prior to applying a test portion to the KI starch papercan give false results.6.3 Oxidizers such as ferric salts may not oxidize organics;however, they may show positive reactions with KI.6.4 Oxidizers that require the presence of
12、 acid or base willgive a false negative result. To overcome this problem, run theoxidizer test at acid, base, and neutral pH conditions.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent-grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents confor
13、m to specifications of the Committee on1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.05 onScreening Methods.Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last pr
14、evious edition approved in 1995 as D 4981 95.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM
15、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available.3Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to
16、permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water as definedby Type III of Specification D 1193.7.3 Potassium Iodide (KI) Starch Paper Strips.7.4 Beakers.7.5 Pipet or Droppers.
17、7.6 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (3 % H2O2), commercialgrade.7.7 Nitric Acid (1 + 9)Add 1 volume of nitric acid(HNO3, sp. gr 1.42) to 9 volumes of water.8. Hazards8.1 Avoid inhalation, skin or eye contact, or both, with allhazardous material.8.2 This analysis must always be performed in a fume hood.9.
18、 Sampling9.1 Collect a representative sample of the waste in acontainer with a sealed lid.9.2 The sample should be analyzed as soon as possible.9.3 Allow the samples to stabilize to room temperature.10. Procedure10.1 Aqueous SamplesUsing a clean pipet or dropper,place a drop sample on a strip of KI
19、starch paper and note colorchange.10.2 Non-Aqueous Samples (for example, solid, oil, orsolvents):10.2.1 In a beaker, prepare a slurry by adding 1 to5gofsample to an equal amount of reagent water.10.2.2 Using a clean pipet or dropper, place a drop of slurryon a strip of KI starch paper.10.2.3 Note an
20、y color change.10.3 All sample results shall be checked against the qualitycontrol and blank test strips to verify positive/negative readings(see Section 11).10.4 All positive results (a blue color) shall be reportedimmediately to prevent potential hazardous reactions that mayoccur.NOTE 1 Analyst sh
21、ould be aware that the blue color on the referencestrip and any positive sample test strip will slowly fade with time.11. Quality Control11.1 Quality control check samples, reference blanks andduplicates should be performed at an action level specified bythe laboratory and at an appropriate frequenc
22、y.11.1.1 Place a drop of reagent water on a KI starch test stripto serve as a reference blank.11.1.2 Place a drop of 3 % H2O2solution (or 10 % HNO3)on a KI starch test strip to obtain a dark blue reference color.11.2 (WarningFortifications (spikes) are not to be pre-pared due to possible adverse rea
23、ctions.)11.3 Method detection limits should be determined by eachlaboratory by using a test oxidizer (7.6 or 7.7).12. Precision and Bias12.1 Precision and BiasNo information is presentedabout either the precision or bias of Test Method D 4981 formeasuring oxidizers since the test result is nonquanti
24、tative.13. Keywords13.1 oxidizers; screening analysis; starch-iodide paperASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity
25、of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments
26、are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not r
27、eceived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies
28、) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.D 4981 95 (2003)2
