1、Designation: D 4987 99 (Reapproved 2003)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forTensile Breaking Strength of Perforations in One-PartContinuous Forms Paper1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for testing thetensil
3、e breaking strength of the perforations in one-part con-tinuous forms.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the
4、 applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, or Related ProductsD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 828 Test Method for Tensil
5、e Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation ApparatusE 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate aMeasure of Quality for a Lot or ProcessD 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products3. Terminology3.1 Definitions shall be in accordance with Terminology D19
6、68 and the Dictionary of Paper3.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 ASTM test methods for tensile strength form the basisof this test. The size of test specimens may be modified toaccommodate the characteristics of the material that is beingtested.5. Significance and Use5.1 Minimum tensile strength of the
7、perforation is importantto assure that the form will not prematurely break apart duringthe printing, converting, and forms handling operation.5.2 Where the various parts are detached for further pro-cessing maximum tensile strength of the perforation is impor-tant in the various operations to which
8、the form is subjected.6. Interferences6.1 Avoid manipulation by folding and refolding a perfora-tion since this will cause weakening of the ties in theperforation. The folded specimen should not be unfolded untiljust prior to testing.6.2 To avoid placing uneven stress on the perforation,exercise ext
9、reme care in placing the test piece in the jaws of thetensile tester to be sure that the strip is not skewed. Unevenstress results in a“ tear effect rather than the “tensile effect.7. Apparatus7.1 Tensile Tester Testing machines meeting the require-ments of Test Method D 828.NOTE 1Test Method D 828
10、describes the apparatus and calibration ofthe instrument to be used for conducting tests described in this testmethod. The sampling, test specimen, and procedure portions of the testshould follow the instructions given in this test method.7.2 Specimen Cutter A device for cutting test specimenswith c
11、lean and parallel edges to a width of 25.4 6 1mm(160.04 in.).8. Sampling8.1 For acceptance sampling, obtain the sample in accor-dance with Practice D 585.8.2 When sampling for other purposes, use Practice E 122as an alternative.8.3 From the material obtained in 8.1 or 8.2, select sufficienttest unit
12、s of each sample to meet the requirements of 8.5 and8.6 as follows:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on TestMethods.Current edition approved March 10, 1999. Published May 1999. Original
13、lypublished as D 4987 89. Last previous edition D 4987 94.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Av
14、ailable from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, P.O.Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8.3.1 Folded perforationsTake consecutive duplicatesamples of the perforation fo
15、lded so that the front printing isnot visible (infold perforation) and consecutive duplicatesamples so that the front printing is visible (outfold perfora-tion).8.3.2 Unfolded perforations perpendicular to the machineor web directionTake duplicate samples of each perforationbetween consecutive “info
16、ld perforations.8.3.3 Unfolded perforations parallel to the machine or webdirectionTake duplicate samples of each perforation, thelength of which should be the distance between two consecu-tive“ infold perforations.8.4 In preparing test specimens for the folded perforation,cut the specimen without u
17、nfolding the perforation.8.5 On the folded or horizontal perforations, select ten testspecimens or enough to represent 50 % of the width from a fullperforation from each of the duplicate samples.8.6 For vertical perforations, select ten test specimens orenough to represent 50 % of the length from ea
18、ch of theduplicate samples.8.6.1 The 50 % provision is intended to address perforationsthat are shorter than 10 in. In the case of short perforations, testno less than five specimens, using additional samples ifnecessary.8.7 When cutting the test specimens, make certain that theedges are cut clean a
19、nd parallel. Make certain that theperforations are perpendicular to the edge of the specimen.Avoid abnormalities, watermarks, creases, and wrinkles. Cuttest specimens one at a time.8.8 Test Method D 828 specifies specimen length. Thelength may be modified to adapt to the size of the specimenavailabl
20、e. There must be sufficient length to allow the testspecimen to be manipulated as it is placed in the jaws. Thelength is not important since the failure will occur at theperforation.8.9 When cutting specimens, avoid non-uniform areas de-signed into the perforation. These may appear as unusuallylarge
21、 uncut areas intended to protect areas sensitive to break-age.8.10 The tensile breaking strength of a 1-in. specimen willdepend upon the number of ties (uncut areas) left unruptured.The variation from specimen to specimen in the number of tieswill be one tie. Thus, if the perforation cut were to hav
22、e ten tiesper inch, some specimens would have ten ties, others nine.Thus, the variation alone would account for a specimen tospecimen tensile variation of approximately 10 %. This varia-tion increases as the ties per inch of a perforation cut decreases.If perforation cuts under eight per inch are to
23、 be tested, cut thespecimen so that equal numbers of the n per inch and ( n-1) perinch are present in the sample.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Prepare the apparatus following instructions given inTest Method D 828.10. Conditioning10.1 Condition and test the test specimens at the conditionsspecified
24、 in Practice D 685.11. Procedure11.1 Avoid touching the perforation. Tightly clamp one endof the test piece in the upper jaw after placing it loosely in thelower jaw and checking its alignment. Then tightly clamp thelower end of the piece and apply the load.11.2 When testing the folded perforation,
25、allow the speci-men to straighten out just once prior to clamping in the jaw andtesting.11.3 Adjust the tester so that the average time for testing aperforated specimen will be within 10 6 5 s. Determine timeto break by testing two or three extra specimens.11.4 Reject readings from individual specim
26、ens if it isapparent that the sample is skewed. Reject readings fromindividual specimens if the specimen does not “snap openbreaking.11.5 Record the result of each individual breaking load tothe nearest three significant figures.11.6 Compute the average breaking strength of the speci-mens of each pe
27、rforation.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 The breaking strength of the individual specimen, theaverage for each sample, and the average of the duplicates,12.1.2 The position from which the samples were obtained,that is, at the fold, or internal vertical or horizontal, and12.1.
28、3 The test method and type of testing machine used.13. Precision and Bias13.1 The precision and bias for this test method for mea-suring tensile breaking strength of perforations in one partcontinuous form paper are essentially as specified in TestMethod D 828.13.2 The variability of results may act
29、ually be greater thanthat implied by 13.1, as variations in perforations caused byperforating wheels, knives, and other perforation productionmachinery, as well as varing numbers of unruptured ties in thetest specimen all increase variability in measured data.14. Keywords14.1 continuous forms; paper
30、; tensile breaking strengthD 4987 99 (2003)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and
31、 the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revisio
32、n of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you sho
33、uldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4987 99 (2003)3
