1、Designation: D 5071 06Standard Practice forExposure of Photodegradable Plastics in a Xenon ArcApparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5071; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test condi-tions that are applicable for xenon arc exposure of photode-gradabl
3、e plastics conducted in accordance with PracticesG 151 and G 155. This practice also covers the preparation oftest specimens, the test conditions best suited for photodegrad-able plastics, and the evaluation of test results.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
4、any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1This practice is technically equivalent to ISO 4892-2 andPractice D 2565 which cover
5、xenon arc exposures of plastics intended forlong term use in outdoor applications.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD 2565 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure
6、 of Plastics In-tended for Outdoor ApplicationsD 3593 Test Method for Molecular Weight Averages andMolecular Weight Distribution of Certain Polymers byLiquid Size-Exclusion Chromatography (Gel PermeationChromatography GPC) Using Universal Calibration3D 3826 Practice for Determining Degradation End P
7、oint inDegradable Polyethylene and Polypropylene Using a Ten-sile TestD 3890 Test Method for Number of Strokes to Prime aMechanical Pump DispenserD 5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Indexof PlasticsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a T
8、est MethodG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and ArtificialWeathering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 141 Guide forAddressing Variability in Exposure Testingof Nonmetallic MaterialsG 147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonme-tallic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG 1
9、51 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-celerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG 155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatusfor Exposure of Non-Metallic MaterialsG 169 Guide forApplication of Basic Statistical Methods toWeathering Tests2.2 Other Standards:ISO 4
10、892-2 PlasticsMethod of Exposure to LaboratoryLight SourcesPart 2, Xenon Arc Sources4Publication C.I.E. No. 85 (1989)5DIN 53384 Testing of Plastics: Artificial Weathering orExposure in Laboratory Exposure Weathering or Exposurein Laboratory Exposure Apparatus to UV Radiation43. Terminology3.1 Defini
11、tionsThe definitions given in TerminologiesD 883 and G113are applicable to this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 Materials made from photodegradable plastics are in-tended to deteriorate rapidly when exposed to solar radiation,oxygen, heat, moisture and other degrading elements of theweather. Thi
12、s practice is used for evaluating the photodegrad-ability of plastics when exposed in an apparatus that producessimulated daylight (1,2)6and controlled temperature and mois-ture. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Pla
13、stics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.96 on Environmentally DegradablePlastics and Biobased Products.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 5071 - 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, v
14、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Fl
15、oor, New York, NY 10036.5Publication No. CIE 85, 1stEd., 1989 Technical Report, “Solar SpectralIrradiance,” available from U.S. National Committee CIE, Mr. Thomas M. Lemons,TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 72 Loring Ave., Salem, MA 01970.6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of referen
16、ces at the end ofthis standard.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phe-nomena such as atmospheric po
17、llution, biological attack, andsalt water exposure. There can be no positive correlation ofexposure results between this and other laboratory weatheringdevices.4.2 Variations in results can be expected when operatingconditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice.Therefore, all tes
18、t results using this practice must be accom-panied by the specific operating conditions required in Section9. Refer to Practice G 151 for detailed information on thecaveats applicable to use of results obtained in accordance withthis practice.4.3 The results of laboratory exposure cannot be directly
19、extrapolated to estimate absolute rate of deterioration by theenvironment because the acceleration factor is material depen-dent and can be significantly different for each material and fordifferent formulations of the same material. However, exposureof a similar material of known outdoor performanc
20、e, a control,at the same time as the test specimens allows comparison of thedurability relative to that of the control under the test condi-tions. Evaluation in terms of relative durabilities also greatlyimproves the agreement in test results among different labora-tories (3).4.4 Test results will d
21、epend on the care that is taken tooperate the equipment in accordance with Practice G 155.Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedomfrom salt or other deposits from water, temperature andhumidity control and condition and age of the burners andfilters.NOTE 2Additional informatio
22、n on sources of variability and onstrategies for addressing variability in the design, execution and dataanalysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G 141.4.5 Before proceeding with this practice, it is commonpractice to reference the specifications of the material beingteste
23、d. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimen-sions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered inthe material specification shall take precedence over thosementioned in this practice. If there are no material specifica-tions, then the default conditions apply.5. Apparatus5.1 The
24、 exposure apparatus employed shall use as thesource of radiation a xenon arc lamp and apparatus whichconforms to the requirements defined in Practices G 151 andG 155.5.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, the spectral power distri-bution (SPD) of the xenon lamp shall conform to the require-ments of Table
25、 1 in Practice G 155 for a xenon lamp withdaylight filters.6. Test Specimens6.1 The size and shape of specimens to be exposed will bedetermined by the specifications of the particular test methodused to evaluate the effects of the exposure on the specimens;the test method shall be determined by the
26、parties concerned.Where practical, it is recommended that specimens be sized tofit specimen holders and racks supplied with the exposureapparatus. Unless supplied with a specific backing as anintegral part of the test, specimens shall be mounted so thatonly the minimum specimen area required for sup
27、port by theholder is covered. This unexposed surface must not be used aspart of the test area. To provide rigidity, flexible specimens aretypically attached to, or backed by, a panel made of aluminum,0.025-in. 0.64-mm thick.6.2 Unless otherwise specified, prepare at least three repli-cate specimens
28、of each test and control material to be exposed.6.3 Retain a supply of unexposed file specimens of allmaterials evaluated.6.3.1 When destructive tests are used, it is recommendedthat a sufficient number of file specimens be retained so that theproperty of interest can be determined on the file speci
29、menseach time the exposed materials are evaluated.6.4 Follow the procedures described in Practice G 147 foridentification and conditioning and handling of specimens oftest, control, and reference materials prior to, during, and afterexposure.6.5 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose ofs
30、howing on one panel the effects of various exposure times.Accurate results are not guaranteed since the masked portion ofthe specimen is still exposed to temperature and humiditycycles that, in many cases, will affect results.6.6 In some materials, specimen thickness markedly affectsthe test results
31、. Thickness of test and control specimens shall bewithin 610 % of the nominal dimensions.NOTE 3Thickness of a specimen is especially important when me-chanical properties are being investigated.7. Procedure7.1 It is recommended that a control material be exposedsimultaneously with experimental mater
32、ials for determinationof relative performance, if performance comparisons are notbeing made between the test materials themselves. All con-cerned parties must agree on the control material used.7.1.1 Identification of any control specimen used shallaccompany the report.7.2 Mount the test specimens i
33、n the specimen exposure areawith the test surfaces facing the lamp. When the test specimensdo not completely fill the exposure area, fill the empty spaceswith blank metal panels to maintain the test conditions withinthe chamber.7.3 Confine specimens to an exposure area where theirradiance is at leas
34、t 90 % of that measured at the center of theexposure area. In areas where the irradiance is between 70 and90 % of maximum irradiance, either reposition in accordancewith the schedule agreed upon by all concerned parties, orrandomly position replicate specimens and determine theaverage change in prop
35、erty. Determine irradiance uniformity inaccordance with Practice G 151.7.4 Table 1 describes three cycles that have been used forxenon arc exposure of photodegradable plastics. Unless other-wise specified, use Cycle 1 for exposure of materials that willbe tested for toxicity after exposure. Obtain m
36、utual agreementamong all concerned parties for the specific exposure cycle tobe used. Other test conditions can be used by mutual consentD5071062provided that the conditions are reported in conformance withSection 9. Different conditions can result in significant differ-ences in test results.7.4.1 U
37、nless otherwise specified, operate the device so thatthe allowable deviation about the set point conditions given inTable 1 is within the limits specified in Table 2. If the actualoperating conditions do not agree with the machine settingsafter the equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test andc
38、orrect the cause of the disagreement before continuing.7.5 Unless otherwise specified, do not remove specimensfrom the exposure apparatus for more than 24 h and thenreturned for additional testing, since this type of interruptioncan alter results. Report any elapsed time in accordance withSection 9.
39、NOTE 4Since the stability of the file specimen can also be time-dependent, users are cautioned that over prolonged exposure periods, orwhen small differences in the order of acceptable limits are anticipated,comparison of exposed specimens with the file specimen are not guaran-teed to be valid. Inst
40、rumental measurements are recommended wheneverpossible.7.6 Water Purity:TABLE 1 Test Cycles Commonly Used for Xenon Arc Exposure of Photodegradable PlasticsACycleNumberCycleDescriptionB,C,DUninsulatedBlack PanelTemperature (C)C,D,ETypicalIrradianceB,C,DTypical UsesF1 Continuous light 63 0.35 W/(m2 n
41、m)at 340 nmRequired when exposedspecimens will be used fortoxicity tests41.5 W/(m2 nm)from 300 400 nm365 W/(m2 nm)from 300 800 nm2 Continuous lightusing 102 minlight only and18 min light andwater sprayG63 0.35 W/(m2 nm)at 340 nmExposures when a slightmoisture stress is desiredH41.5 W/(m2 nm)from 300
42、 400 nm365 6 20 W/(m2 nm)from 300 800 nm3 18 h continuous lightusing 102 minlight only and18 min light andwater sprayG63 0.35 W/(m2 nm)at 340 nmRecommended when adark period with highmoisture stress is required41.5 W/(m2 nm)from 300 400 nm365 W/(m2 nm)from 300 800 nm6 h dark using:95 % relative humi
43、dity(no water spray)repeated continuously38AThe cycles described are not listed in any order indicating importance, and are not necessarily recommended for the applications shown.BAs stated in 5.1.1, the SPD of the xenon lamp shall conform to the requirements of Practice G 155 for a xenon lamp with
44、daylight filters.CUnless otherwise specified, operate the apparatus to maintain the specified operational fluctuations in Table 2 for the parameters in this table. If the actual operatingconditions do not agree with the machine settings after the equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test and co
45、rrect the cause of the disagreement before continuing.DSet points and operational fluctuations could either be listed independently of each other, or they could be listed in the format: Set point 6 operational fluctuations. Theset point is the target condition for the sensor used at the operational
46、control point as programmed by the user. Operational fluctuations are deviations from the indicatedset point at the control point indicated by the readout of the calibrated control sensor during equilibrium operation and do not include measurement uncertainty. At theoperational control point, the op
47、erational fluctuation can exceed no more than the listed value at equilibrium. When a standard calls for a particular set point, the userprograms that exact number. The operational fluctuations specified with the set point do not imply that the user is allowed to program a set point higher or lower
48、than theexact set point specified.EUnless otherwise indicated, black panel temperature applies during the light only portion of the cycle. The equilibrium black panel temperature is obtained without aspray period. In some instances, for light intervals less than 30 min, the maximum black panel tempe
49、rature does not reach equilibrium.F“Typical Uses” does not imply that results from exposures of these materials in accordance with the cycle described will correlate to those from actual use conditions.GUnless otherwise specified, water spray refers to water sprayed on the exposed surface of the specimen.HThis cycle has been used for plastics by historical convention and an adequate simulation of the effects of outdoor exposure is not guaranteed. Other cycles can beused by mutual agreement.TABLE 2 Operational Fluctuations on Exposure ConditionsParameter Ma
