1、Designation: D5265 09 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forBridge Impact Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5265; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended to determine the capabilityof a long package with a narrow cross-section to resist impactnear its center when the pa
3、ckage is supported only at its ends.This test method allows the user to select from two test options:OptionAemploys the use of a free-fall drop tester (see ExhibitB), and Option B employs the use of simulated mechanicalimpact testing equipment (S.M.I.T.E.; see Exhibit A). The twooptional procedures
4、are designed to impart the same amount ofkinetic energy at impact; therefore, each procedure yields equaldamage-producing potential.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for i
5、nformation onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regu
6、latory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven Drying (Withdrawn 2010)3D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD4332
7、Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or Process3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms and definitions used in this testmethod may be f
8、ound in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 elongated packagea package that is long in propor-tion to width and thickness, with lengths greater or equal to 36in. (914 mm) and each of the other two dimensions 20 % orless of the longest dimension.4. Significance a
9、nd Use4.1 Materials shipped in elongated packages are liable todamage as a result of impact near their midpoint when only theends are supported. This type of damage can occur during theshipment of packaging of mixed dimensions. It is particularlyprevalent during conveyer line transport and sortation
10、. This testmethod provides a means of determining resistance to suchdamage.5. Apparatus5.1 Option AFree-Fall Drop Tester, conforming to theconditions specified in 10.2.1 (see Fig. 1).5.1.1 Impactor, composed of a hardwood, with a mass of 96 0.4 lb (4.1 6 0.2 kgw) and dimensions of 12 12 12 in.(300 3
11、00 300 mm). The impactor shall have at least onebottom edge covered by angle iron. The box shall be filled withthe specified weight and void fill to keep the weight in place.5.1.2 Support Blocks, made from hardwood, nominal66in. (150 150 mm), long enough to support the full width ofthe largest packa
12、ge to be tested.5.2 Option BCommercial S.M.I.T.E. Tester, using aguided impactor and velocity meter to calculate the theoreticalfree-fall drop of the missile (see Fig. 2).5.2.1 S.M.I.T.E. Tester Impactor (missile), fabricated in aV-shape cross-section from a steel flat plate, with a mass of 506 0.4
13、lb (22.68 6 0.2 kgw) and length of approximately 30 in.(760 mm). The long edges of the missile shall be rounded to aradius of 0.25 6 0.0625 in. (6 6 2 mm).NOTE 1The standard S.M.I.T.E. tester is equipped with a variety ofinterchangeable missiles, providing impact options ranging from flat drop,1This
14、 test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last pr
15、evious edition approved in 2009 as D5265 09. DOI:10.1520/D5265-09R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
16、website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1angle edge drop, half round, half ball, and corner. The total missileassembly, regardless of w
17、hich face is used, will weigh 50 lb (22.68 kg).Knowing this, the mass of a S.M.I.T.E. tester is always 50 lb (22.68 kg).5.2.2 Support Blocks, made from hardwood, nominal66in. (150 150 mm), long enough to support the full width ofthe largest package to be tested.6. Sampling6.1 The test specimens and
18、number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequate determination of representativeperformance. For large production runs, lot sampling forquality control in accordance with Practice E122 is advised.6.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least threerepresentative specimens should be selected
19、 for performanceevaluation.7. Test Specimens7.1 When the protective capability of a package is to beevaluated, it is preferable to pack the package with the actualcontents for which it was designed (Note 2). When thecapability of a box to withstand rough handling is to beevaluated, pack the containe
20、r with either the actual contents ora load simulating the contents. Regardless of which procedureis used, close the container in the same manner that will beused in preparing it for shipment.NOTE 2Where the use of actual contents is not feasible because ofexcessive cost or danger, a dummy load simul
21、ating the contents withrespect to dimensions, center of gravity, moment of inertia, density, flowcharacteristics, etc. shall be used.7.2 When comparing the performance of various elongatedpackage designs, it is preferable to test empty erected cartons,which are closed and sealed in the same manner t
22、hat will beused in preparing it for shipment.7.3 Close and seal the container in the normal manner. Dryand age sufficiently so that any adhesive, protective coatings,sealing tape, etc. will have reached their final normal condition.8. Conditioning8.1 Depending on the purpose of the tests, packages m
23、ay beconditioned prior to the bridge impact test by either a differentFIG. 1 Vertical Drop TesterD5265 09 (2016)2physical test, water immersion, exposure to water spray, orexposure to standard or other fixed conditions of air tempera-ture or humidity.8.2 Unless otherwise specified, fiberboard packag
24、es shall beconditioned in accordance with Method D685 or PracticeD4332. Other packages shall be conditioned in accordancewith Practice D4332.8.3 The moisture content of paperboard and fiberboardpackages should be determined in accordance with TestMethod D644.9. Acceptance Criteria9.1 Acceptance crit
25、eria must be established prior to testingand should consider the required condition of the product uponreceipt. The organizations conducting the test may choose anyacceptance criteria suitable for their purpose. It is advisable tocompare the type and quantity of damage that occurred to thetest speci
26、mens with the damage that occurs during actualdistribution and handling, or with the test results of similarcontainers whose shipping history is known.9.2 In many cases, the acceptance criteria can be one of thefollowing:(1) Criterion 1Package is intact and product is damagefree; or(2) Criterion 2Pr
27、oduct is damage free and packageabused.This often means that the shipping container and its contentsare suitable for normal sale and use at completion of the testcycle. Detailed acceptance criteria may allow for acceptingspecified damage to a product or package. The form andFIG. 2 Simulated Mechanic
28、al Impact Testing Equipment (S.M.I.T.E.)D5265 09 (2016)3content of acceptance criteria may vary widely, according tothe particular situation. Methods may range from simplepass-fail judgments to highly quantitative scoring or analysissystems.10. Procedure10.1 Determination of Acceptance CriteriaRelat
29、e accep-tance criteria to the desired condition of the product andpackage at the end of the distribution cycle (see Section 9).10.2 Option A: Free-Fall Drop TesterPlace the package tobe tested on the floor of the drop test apparatus, with it restingon support blocks. The support blocks should be pla
30、cedparallel to each other and perpendicular to the long axis of thepackage, so that each end of the package is supported for 5 in.(127 mm) of its length, measured from each end (see Fig. 3).10.2.1 Position the impactor on the drop table or sling itsuitably so that the following conditions are met:(1
31、) The impactors length will be at right angles to the testpackage length upon contact;(2) The edge of the impactor shall strike the center of thepackage so that the plane containing this edge and the center ofgravity of the impactor makes no more than a 5 angle with thevertical;(3) The bottom edge o
32、f the impactor is the required dropheight above the upper surface of the package being tested; and(4) The midpoint of the bottom edge of the impactor strikesthe midpoint of the impacted face of the package being tested.10.2.2 Drop the impactor from a free-fall drop heightsufficient to produce a spec
33、ified impact velocity. Use an impactvelocity of 111 in./s (2.8 m/s).10.2.3 Obtain the impact velocity of 111 in./s (2.8 m/s) froma free-fall drop height of 16 in. (406 mm). Due to energyconservation, the potential energy before drop is equal to thekinetic energy at impact. The kinetic energy at impa
34、ct will be12 ft-lb (16.3 J). Equate an impact velocity to a free-fall dropheight, or vice versa, as follows:h 5 Vi2/2 g solving for free 2 fall drop height! (1)Vi5 =2 gh solving for impact velocity!where:h = free-fall drop height, m (in.),Vi= measured impact velocity, m/s (in./s), andg = acceleratio
35、n due to gravity, 9.8 m/s (386 in./s).10.3 Option B: Simulated Mechanical Impact TestingEquipment (S.M.I.T.E.)Place the package to be tested on thetable of the S.M.I.T.E. test apparatus, with it resting on supportblocks. The support blocks should be placed parallel to eachother and perpendicular to
36、the long axis of the package, so thateach end of the package is supported for 5 in. (127 mm) of itslength, measured from each end (see Fig. 3).10.3.1 Position the impactor on the S.M.I.T.E. tester so thatthe following conditions are met:(1) The impactor will strike the package with a long edge,at ri
37、ght angles to the length of the package being tested;(2) The impactor shall strike the center of the package sothat the plane containing this surface and the center of gravityof the impactor makes no more than a 5 angle with thevertical;(3) The bottom edge of the impactor is the required dropheight
38、above the upper surface of the package being tested; and(4) The midpoint of the bottom edge of the impactor strikesthe midpoint of the impacted face of the package being tested.10.3.2 Drop the impactor from a machine drop heightsufficient to generate a specific impact velocity. If no impactvelocity
39、is specified, use an impact velocity of 48 in./s (1.2m/s). Pre-test drops must be conducted until the test machineindicates the desired impact velocity.NOTE 3Different machines will have different frictions in their guidemechanisms. Impact velocity is therefore measured with the velocitysensor. Dete
40、rmine the required impact velocity based on the followingrelationship:v 5 =2 gh (2)10.3.3 This impact velocity of 48 in./s (1.2 m/s) wouldtheoretically be obtained from a free-fall drop height of 3 in.(76 mm); however, due to guide mechanism friction, testmachines will require higher machine drop he
41、ights sufficient toproduce the desired impact velocity. The kinetic energy atimpact will be 12 ft-lb (16.3 J).11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Specification of the test method option used: eitherOption A, free-fall drop; or Option B, simulated mechanicalimpact test equipment (S
42、.M.I.T.E.).11.1.2 Dimension of the package under testing; completestructural specifications; kinds of materials; description andFIG. 3 Test Specimen Set UpD5265 09 (2016)4specifications for blocking and cushioning, if used; spacing,size, and type of fasteners; method of closing and strapping, ifany;
43、 and tare and gross masses.11.1.3 Description of the contents of the container undertesting and, if not tested with the actual contents intended to beshipped, description of these actual contents.11.1.4 Method of conditioning the container, if any; mois-ture content of the wood, plywood, or fiberboa
44、rd, if deter-mined; and results of any supplementary tests of the materialsfrom which the container is made.11.1.5 Mass of the impactor.11.1.6 Drop height.11.1.7 Kinetic energy (KEi) at impact (see 10.2.3 and10.3.3).11.1.8 Number of specimens tested per sample.11.1.9 Detailed record of testing on ea
45、ch package, includingdamage to the package and contents, together with any otherobservation that may assist in interpreting the results correctlyor aid in improving the design of the package or the method ofpacking, blocking, or bracing.11.1.10 Statement to the effect that all tests were conductedin
46、 full compliance with the requirements of this practice, ornoting any variations and their details.11.1.11 Name and address of the testing agency, date, andsignature of a responsible representative of the testing agency.12. Precision and Bias12.1 No statement is made concerning either the precisiono
47、r the bias of this test method. The result merely revealswhether there is performance to the criteria for successspecified in the procedure.13. Keywords13.1 bridge impact; drop test; free-fall; packaging;S.M.I.T.E. testerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent righ
48、ts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any
49、time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address s
