1、Designation: D 5276 98 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forDrop Test of Loaded Containers by Free Fall1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for the drop testingof loaded boxes, cylindrical containers, and bags and sacks bythe
3、free-fall method.1.2 For containers not exceeding 110 lb (50 kg), this testmethod fulfills the requirements of ISO Standards 2206:1987and 2248:1985. These ISO standards may describe proceduresthat do not meet the requirements for this test method.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be r
4、egardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the u
5、ser of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related ProductD 6
6、44 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD 880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 2463 Test Method for Drop Impact Resistance of Blow-Molded Thermoplastic ContainersD 4003 T
7、est Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Uni
8、tizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD 6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or ProcessE 680 Test Method for Drop Weig
9、ht Impact Sensitivity OfSolid-Phase Hazardous Materials2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 2206 PackagingComplete Filled Transport Packages,Identification of Parts When TestingISO 2248 PackagingComplete Filled Transport Packages,Vertical Impact Test by Dropping2.3 Code of Federal Regulations:Title 49 Transportat
10、ion (49 CFR)43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral terms for packaging and distribu-tion environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cylinderfor the purposes of this test method, acylinder includes substantially cylindrical containers such asba
11、rrels, drums, kegs, and pails (fiber, metal, plastic, or wood, orcombinations thereof).3.2.2 membera face, corner, or edge of a rectangularcontainer; a chime, end, or sidewall of a cylindrical container;or a face, edge, corner, or butt of a bag or sack.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is
12、intended for use in evaluating thecapability of a container to withstand the sudden shockresulting from a free fall, or to evaluate the capability of acontainer and its inner packing to protect its contents during thesudden shock resulting from a free fall. This test method may1This test method is u
13、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Physical TestMethods.Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 5276 98(2004).2For referenced
14、ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
15、4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
16、A 19428-2959, United States.also be used to compare the performance of different packagedesigns. This test method may also permit observation of theprogressive failure of a container and the damage to itscontents.4.2 This test method is particularly suitable for containersthat are normally handled m
17、anually during some part of theirdistribution cycle. Containers of such bulk or mass that theycannot be handled manually may be tested more satisfactorilyin accordance with Test Method D 880, Test Methods D 6055,Test Methods D 6179, or Test Methods D 4003. See PracticeD 4169 for additional guidance.
18、5. Apparatus5.1 Free-Fall Drop Test Equipment, conforming to thefollowing requirements:5.1.1 It shall permit the container to be placed, prior torelease, in a position that will ensure correct orientation, within2 degrees upon impact, for flat-face drops or flat drops on endsor sidewalls of cylindri
19、cal containers, and within 5 uponimpact for other drops, such as edge drops and corner drops forrectangular containers, bags, and sacks and diagonal drops onchimes on cylindrical containers.5.1.2 It shall permit accurate control of the drop fromspecified heights.5.1.3 It shall utilize lifting device
20、s that will not damage thetest container.5.1.4 It shall provide a release mechanism that does notimpart vertical, rotational, or sideways forces to the testcontainer. If drop leaves are used, the apparatus shall providea spring or other mechanism so that the leaves do not interferewith a free, unobs
21、tructed fall.5.1.5 It shall provide an impact surface, horizontal and flat,massive enough to be immovable and rigid enough to benondeformable under the test conditions.5.1.5.1 The impact surface shall be of concrete, stone, orsteel. If the dropping surface is a steel plate, it must be at least12 in.
22、 (13 mm) thick and must be anchored firmly to the mass.NOTE 1Grout (a thin mortar used to fill crevices) is recommendedover the entire surface of the mass below the plate to ensure positivecontact.5.1.5.2 The impact surface shall be integral with a mass atleast 50 times that of the heaviest containe
23、r to be tested.Neither the depth nor width of the mass shall be less than halfthe length.5.1.5.3 For drop testing of containers not exceeding 110 lb(50 kg), the impact surface shall be flat, such that no two pointson the surface differ in level by more than564 in. (2 mm).5.1.5.4 The impact surface s
24、hall be rigid, such that it willnot be deformed by more than 0.0039 in. (0.1 mm) when anarea of 0.1550 in.2(100 mm2) is loaded statically with 22.05 lb(10 kg) anywhere on the surface.5.1.5.5 The impact surface shall be sufficiently large toensure that the containers being tested fall entirely upon t
25、hesurface.5.1.6 A rupture hazard may be used for determining therupture resistance of cylindrical containers or bags. Unlessotherwise specified, the rupture hazard should consist ofa4by4-in. (102 by 102-mm) timber, of oak or other wood ofequivalent hardness, approximately 4 ft (1.2 m) long, havingth
26、e edges rounded to a radius of not more than14 in. (6.35mm).5.1.6.1 For testing of 49 CFRDOT 21C fiber drums, a 2by 6-in. (51 by 152-mm) timber, with a 6-in. (152-mm) verticaldimension, shall be used. The drum shall be dropped at rightangles to the timber. The drop height shall be measured fromthe t
27、op of the timber.5.1.7 For very large containers, it may be necessary to use ahoist, sling, and tripping devices, or a solenoid-operated droptest mechanism and suspension devices, such as those de-scribed in Appendix X1.5.1.8 Conditioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided for conditionin
28、g test specimens at the proper humid-ity and temperature prior to testing, in accordance with thespecification covering the containers to be tested.5.1.8.1 ConditioningDepending on the purpose of thetests, containers may be conditioned prior to the drop test byeither a different physical test, water
29、 immersion, exposure towater spray, or exposure to standard or other fixed air tempera-ture or humidity conditions. It is recommended that specialatmospheres for conditioning be selected from those given inPractice D 4332. Unless otherwise specified, fiber-board orpaperboard containers shall be cond
30、itioned in accordance withthe preconditioning and standard conditioning atmospheresspecified in Practice D 4332 (see also Practice D 4169 foradditional guidance).5.1.8.2 Where the moisture content of fiberboard containersis determined, it should be determined in accordance with TestMethod D 644.6. S
31、ampling6.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequate determination of representativeperformance. Practice E 122 is recommended. Unless other-wise specified, Practice D 585 shall be used for acceptancetesting of fiberboard containers.6.2 In the absence of any sampl
32、ing plan, at least threerepresentative specimens should be selected for performanceevaluation.7. Test Specimens7.1 When the protective capability of a container is to beevaluated, it is preferable to pack the container with the actualcontents for which it was designed (Note 2). When thecapability of
33、 a container to withstand rough handling is to beevaluated, pack the container with either the actual contents ora load simulating the contents. Regardless of which procedureis used, close the container in the same manner that will beused in preparing it for shipment.NOTE 2Where the use of actual co
34、ntents is not feasible because ofexcessive cost or danger, a dummy load simulating the contents withrespect to dimensions, center of gravity, moment of inertia, density, flowcharacteristics, etc. may be used. Accelerometers or other indicatingmechanisms may be installed.7.2 Close and seal the contai
35、ner in the normal manner. Dryand age sufficiently so that any adhesive, protective coatings,sealing tape, and so forth will have reached their final normalcondition.D 5276 98 (2009)28. Procedure8.1 Identify members as specified inAnnexA1, by marking,at a minimum, Faces 1, 2, and 5 of rectangular con
36、tainers;Positions 1, 3, 5, and 7 of cylindrical containers; and Faces 1,4, and 5 of sacks and bags.8.2 Unless otherwise specified, establish failure criteriaprior to the commencement of testing. (See Practice D 4169,Acceptance Criteria.)8.3 Test containers that have been conditioned in the con-ditio
37、ned atmosphere or immediately upon removal from thatatmosphere.8.4 Conduct drop test procedures by dropping the containeron either one member or several different members in aprescribed sequence (cyclical testing).8.4.1 When the container is to be dropped flat on a face,position it so that, upon imp
38、act, there is no more than a 2 anglebetween the plane of this face and the impact surface.8.4.2 When a rectangular container or bag is to be droppedon an edge, position it so that, upon impact, this edge makes nomore than a 2 angle with the impact surface, and the planecontaining this edge and the c
39、enter of gravity of the containermakes no more than a 5 angle with the vertical.8.4.3 When a rectangular container or bag is to be droppedon a corner, position it so that, upon impact, the line containingthis corner and the center of gravity of the container makes nomore than a 5 angle with the vert
40、ical.8.4.4 When a cylindrical container is to be dropped on eithera chime or a circumferential edge, position it so that, uponimpact, a plane containing this edge and the center of gravityof the container makes no more than a 5 angle with thevertical plane perpendicular to the drop surface.8.4.5 Whe
41、n determining the rupture resistance of cylindricalcontainers or bags, place a rupture hazard (see 5.1.6)onthetarget surface, and position it so that, unless otherwise speci-fied, the center of the cylinder sidewall or face edge or butt ofthe bag impacts across the hazard.8.4.6 Before each drop of a
42、 bag or sack, distribute thecontents uniformly throughout the bag or sack.8.5 Height of DropDetermine the height of the drop bymeasuring from the bottom surface, edge, or corner of thecontainer to the impact surface.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Reference to this test method, i
43、ncluding a statement tothe effect that all tests were conducted in full compliance withthe requirements of this test method, or noting any variationsand their details.9.1.2 Dimensions of the container under testing; completestructural specifications; kinds of materials; description andspecifications
44、 for blocking and cushioning, if used; spacing,size, and type of fasteners; method of closing and strapping, ifany; drying and aging time, if any; and tare and gross masses.9.1.3 Description of the contents of the container undertesting and, if not tested with the actual contents intended to beshipp
45、ed, description of these actual contents.9.1.4 Number of specimens tested per sample.9.1.5 Method of conditioning the container, if any; moisturecontent of the wood, plywood, or fiberboard, if determined;and results of any supplementary tests of the materials fromwhich the container is made.9.1.6 De
46、scription of apparatus and special instrumentation,if used.9.1.7 Whethera4by4timber was used as a hazard. Wherea hazard other than that specified in 5.1.6 is used, a descriptionof the hazard used.9.1.8 Details of the failure criteria used.9.1.9 Member(s) tested (see Annex A1).9.1.10 Description of t
47、he prescribed test sequence, if used.9.1.11 Drop height(s).9.1.12 Size of the increment, if a variable height drop testprocedure is used.9.1.13 Number of drops (at each incremental height, ifapplicable).9.1.14 Detailed record of the test results for each container,including damage to the container a
48、nd contents, together withany other observation that may assist in interpreting the resultscorrectly or aid in improving the design of the container ormethod of packaging, blocking, or bracing.9.1.15 Where a mean failure height is determined by drop-ping, a statement of this mean and the estimated s
49、tandarddeviation and level of confidence.9.1.16 Name and address of the testing agency, date, andsignature of a responsible representative of the testing agency.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Precision5:10.1.1 Aprecision statement is not applicable when the droptest is conducted at a specified drop height to determineconformance with established acceptance criteria.10.1.2 When the drop test is conducted to determine thedrop height to failure, the observed precision is a combinationof the precision of the test method (including apparatus,operators, etc.) and the pr
