1、Designation: D5293 09Standard Test Method forApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base StocksBetween 5 and 35C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofapparent viscosity of engine oil
3、s and base stocks by coldcranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between 5 and35C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Paand shear rates of approximately 105to 104s1for viscositiesof approximately 900 to 25 000 mPas. The range of aninstrument is dependent on the instrument model and
4、 softwareversion installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by thismethod are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engineoils.1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement ofhighly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See AppendixX2.1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual
5、and automateddetermination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using thecold-cranking simulator.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
6、 any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningstatements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standar
7、ds:2D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometersand Viscosity Oil StandardsD2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oilsat Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator3D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 17025 General
8、 Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhibits a constantviscosity at all shear rates.3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhibits aviscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shea
9、r rate.3.1.3 viscosity, h, nthe property of a fluid that determinesits internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:h5tg(1)where:t = the stress per unit area, andg = the rate of shear.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a m
10、easure of theresistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosityis the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarilyused. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ap
11、parent viscosity, nthe viscosity obtained by use ofthis test method.3.2.1.1 DiscussionSince many engine oils are non-Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can varywith shear rate.3.2.2 calibration oils, noils with known viscosity andviscosity/temperature functionality that are used to def
12、ine the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition app
13、roved in 2008 as D5293081. DOI:10.1520/D5293-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. T
14、he last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Internati
15、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.calibration relationship between viscosity and cold-crankingsimulator rotor speed.3.2.3 check oil, na batch of test oil used to monitormeasurement performance.3.2.4 test oil, nany oil for which the apparent vis
16、cosity isto be determined by use of this test method.3.2.5 viscoelastic oil, na non-Newtonian oil or fluid thatclimbs up the rotor shaft during rotation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An electric motor drives a rotor that is closely fittedinside a stator. The space between the rotor and stator is fill
17、edwith oil. Test temperature is measured near the stator inner walland maintained by removing heat with a controlled process tomaintain a constant stator temperature during test. The speed ofthe rotor is calibrated as a function of viscosity. Test oilviscosity is determined from this calibration and
18、 the measuredrotor speed.5. Significance and Use5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oilscorrelates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS appar-ent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flowto the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Enginecranking data
19、were measured by the Coordinating ResearchCouncil (CRC) L-495test with reference oils that had viscosi-ties between 600 and 8400 mPas (cP) at 17.8C and between2000 and 20 000 mPas (cP) at 28.9C. The detailed relation-ship between this engine cranking data and CCS apparentviscosities is in Appendixes
20、 X1 and X2 of the 1967 T editionof Test Method D26026and CRC Report 409.5Because theCRC L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than theCCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accuratelypredict the engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specificengine. However, the correlation of CC
21、S apparent viscositywith average CRC L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.5.2 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosityand engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between 1and 40C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (SAE grades5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and minera
22、l oilbased products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.75.3 A correlation was established in a low temperatureengine performance study between light duty engine startabil-ity and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten1990s engines at temperatures ranging from 5 down to 40Cwith six commer
23、cial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W,20W, and 25W).85.4 The measurement of the cranking viscosity of basestocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use inengine oil formulations.Asignificant number of the calibrationoils for this method are base stocks that could be used in engine
24、oil formulations.6. Apparatus6.1 Two types of apparatus are described for use in this testmethod: the manual cold-cranking simulator (see AppendixX1) and the automated CCS (see 6.2 and 6.3).6.2 Automated CCS,9consisting of a direct current (dc)electric motor that drives a rotor inside a stator; a ro
25、tor speedsensor or tachometer that measures rotor speed; a dc ammeterand fine current-control adjust dial; a stator temperature controlsystem that maintains temperature within 0.05C of set point;and a heat removal system with a temperature control system,a computer, computer interface, and test samp
26、le injectionpump.6.3 Automatic Automated CCS,9as described in 6.2 with theaddition of an automated sample table allowing multiple testsamples to be run sequentially under computer control withoutoperator attention.6.4 Calibrated Thermistor,9sensor for insertion in a wellnear the inside surface of th
27、e stator to indicate the testtemperature.6.4.1 There must be good thermal contact between thetemperature sensor and the thermal well in the stator; clean thisthermal well periodically and replace the small drop ofhigh-silver-containing heat transfer medium.6.5 Heat Removal System:6.5.1 For stators w
28、ith coolant contact, a refrigerator for theliquid coolant is needed to maintain coolant temperature atleast 10C below the test temperature. When the coolanttemperature is below 30C a two-stage refrigeration system islikely needed. The length of the tubing connections betweenthe CCS and the refrigera
29、tor should be as short as possible (lessthan 1 m) and well insulated.6.5.1.1 Coolant, Dry MethanolIf contaminated with wa-ter from operating under high humidity conditions, replace itwith dry methanol to ensure consistent temperature control.6.5.2 For thermoelectric cooled stators, the liquid coolin
30、gtemperature of the water or other appropriate liquid used in therefrigeration system (chiller) should be set to approximately5C in order to maintain the sample test temperature. Thecoolant should contain 10 % glycol to prevent blocking of theflow path by ice formation.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 C
31、alibration OilsLow-cloud point Newtonian oilsshall be certified by a laboratory that has been shown to meetthe requirements of ISO 17025 by independent assessment.The calibration oils shall be traceable to master viscometerprocedures described in Test Method D2162. Approximate5CRC Report No. 409 “Ev
32、aluation of Laboratory Viscometers for PredictingCranking Characteristics of Engine Oils at -0F and -20F,” April 1968 availablefrom the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway,Atlanta, GA 30346.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe ob
33、tained by requesting Research Report D02-1402.7Stewart, R. M., “Engine Pumpability and Crankability Tests on Commercial“W” Grade Engine Oils Compared to Bench Test Results,” ASTM STP 621 ASTM1967, 1968. 1969 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Part 17 (Also published as SAEPaper 780369 in SAE Publicatio
34、n SP-429.).8Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report D02-1442.9The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Cannon Instrument Co., State College, PA 16804. Website: www.cannoninstru-. If yo
35、u are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informationto ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid-eration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D5293 092viscosities at certain temperatures are listed in Table 1, whe
36、reasexact viscosities are supplied with each standard.8. Hazards8.1 Observe both toxicity and flammability warnings thatapply to the use of methanol or glycol.8.2 If methanol is leaking from the apparatus, repair the leakbefore continuing the test.9. Sampling9.1 To obtain valid results, use an appro
37、priate means of bulksampling (see Practice D4057) to obtain a representativesample of test oil free from suspended solid material and water.When the sample in its container is received below the dewpoint temperature of the room, allow the sample to warm toroom temperature before opening its containe
38、r. When thesample contains suspended solid material, use centrifuge toremove particles greater than 5 m in size and decant off thesupernate. Filtering is not recommended. DO NOT shake thesample of test oil. This leads to entrainment of air, and a falseviscosity reading.10. Calibration10.1 On start-u
39、p of a new instrument or when any part of theviscometric cell or drive component (motor, belt, and so forth)is replaced, set the motor current as described below. Recheckthe motor current (as described in 10.3) monthly until thechange in motor current in consecutive months is less than0.005 A and ev
40、ery three months thereafter.10.2 Temperature VerificationUsing the temperature veri-fication plugs, verify that the instrument is accurately comput-ing the correct temperature. (Only available on newer modelinstruments.)10.2.1 Unplug thermistor connector from the back paneland insert blue TVP.10.2.2
41、 Enter the TVP resistance for the plug inserted in thesoftware screen ServiceCCS Temperature Verification Ser-vice, and record the difference between the two temperaturewindows.10.2.3 Repeat with second plug.10.2.4 The recorded differences should be less that 0.06C.If they are greater, contact instr
42、ument service.10.3 Motor CurrentUse the Set Motor Current option inthe software with CL250 (3500 mPas) calibration oil as thesample. This option will cool then soak the sample at testtemperature of 20.0C in the same manner as for a testsample. For a recalibration proceed with 10.3.1. If recheckingmo
43、tor current, proceed with 10.3.2.10.3.1 To set the rotor speed, 20 s after the drive motor turnson, monitor the speed reading and adjust to 0.240 6 0.001KRPM (displayed as SPEED on the computer monitor) byslowly turning the CURRENTADJUST DIAL. This should becompleted with in 50 to 75 s after the mot
44、or begins to turn. Ifmore time is taken, repeat 10.3.10.3.2 When rechecking the motor current, note the speedafter the motor is on for 5560 s. If the speed is less than 0.005KRPM from 0.240, note the speed and current before continu-ing with normal operation. Alternatively, you can readjustTABLE 1 C
45、alibration OilsCalibration OilApproximateAViscosity in rnPas at:5C 10C 15C 20C 25C 30C 35CCL080 . . . . . . 900CL090 . . . . . . 1200CL100 (10) . . . . . . 1700CL110 . . . . . 1550 2500CL120 (12) . . . . 800 1600 3200CL130 . . . . . 2900 4850CL140 (14) . . . . 1600 3250B7000CCL150 . . . 1700 2700 46
46、00 8050CL160 (16) . . . . 2500 5500 11 000CL170 . . 1450 2250 3700 6300 11 300CL190 (19) . . . 1800 3500B7400C17 000CL200 . . 1677 2650 4300 7550 13 700CL220 (22) . . 1300 2500 5100 11 000 .CL240 . . 2250 3600 6000 10 700 19 800CL250 (25) . . 1800 3500B7400C17 200 .CL260 . 1750 2700 4400 7500 13 400
47、 .CL280 (28) . 1200 2500 5000 9300 . .CL300 . 2400 3750 6100 10 500 19 300 .CL320 (32) . 1800 3500B7300C15 900 . .CL340 . 2700 4200 7000 12 194 . .CL380 (38) . 2900 5800C13 000 . . .CL420 . 5200 8500 14 405 . . .CL480 (48) 2300 4500B9500 21 000 . . .CL530 . 6000 9843 16 881 . . .CL600 (60) 3700 7400
48、C15 600 . . . .CL680 . 9550 . . . . .CL740 (47) 6000B12 000 . . . . .AConsult supplier for specific values.BOil to be used for calibration checks with CCS-2B or CCS-4 or 5 with software version 3.x or 5.x.COil to used for calibration checks with CCS-4 or 5 software versions 4.x or 6.x.D5293 093speed
49、 to 0.240 KRPM and note new current setting. Recali-bration is optional unless two consecutive adjustments in motorspeed have been made in one direction since last calibration. Ifrecalibration is not necessary, proceed with Section 11. Other-wise, proceed with 10.4.10.3.3 When rechecking the motor current, and it is found tobe greater than 0.005 KRPM from 0.240, readjust rotor speedto 0.240 KRPM, and record current setting. Continue thecalibration with 10.4.10.4 Calibration ProcedureAt each test temperature, c
