1、Designation: D 5340 09Standard Test Method forAirport Pavement Condition Index Surveys1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5340; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of airportpavement condition through visual surveys of asphalt-surfacedpavements, including porous f
3、riction courses, and plain orreinforced jointed portland cement concrete pavements, usingthe Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method of quantifyingpavement condition.1.2 The PCI for airport pavements was developed by the USArmy Corps of Engineers through the funding provided by theU.S. Air Force (1, 2
4、, 3).2It is further verified and adopted byFAA (4), and the U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command(5).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not
5、considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
6、 use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 6.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 additional samplea sample unit inspected in addi-tion to the random sample units to include nonrepresentativesample units in the determination of the pavement condit
7、ion.This includes very poor or excellent samples that are nottypical of the section and sample units which contain anunusual distress such as a utility cut. If a sample unitcontaining an unusual distress is chosen at random, it should becounted as an additional sample unit and another randomsample u
8、nit should be chosen. If every sample unit is surveyed,then there are no additional sample units.2.1.2 asphalt concrete (AC) surfaceaggregate mixturewith an asphalt cement binder. This term also refers to surfacesconstructed of coal tars and natural tars for purposes of this testmethod.2.1.3 pavemen
9、t brancha branch is an identifiable part ofthe pavement network that is a single entity and has a distinctfunction. For example, each runway, taxiway, and apron areasare separate branches.2.1.4 pavement condition index (PCI)a numerical ratingof the pavement condition that ranges from 0 to 100 with 0
10、being the worst possible condition and 100 being the bestpossible condition.2.1.5 pavement condition ratinga verbal description ofpavement condition as a function of the PCI value. Fig. 1shows two examples of PCI rating scales.2.1.6 pavement distressexternal indicators of pavementdeterioration cause
11、d by loading, environmental factors, orconstruction deficiencies, or a combination thereof. Typicaldistresses are cracks, rutting, and weathering of the pavementsurface. Distress types and severity levels detailed inAppendixX1 for AC and Appendix X2 for PCC pavements must be usedto obtain an accurat
12、e PCI value.2.1.7 pavement sample unita subdivision of a pavementsection that has a standard size range: 20 contiguous slabs (68slabs if the total number of slabs in the section is not evenlydivided by 20, or to accommodate specific field condition) forPCC airfield pavement and 5000 contiguous squar
13、e feet (62000 ft2(450 6 180 m2) if the pavement is not evenly dividedby 5000, or to accommodate specific field condition) for ACairfield pavement and porous friction surfaces.2.1.8 pavement sectiona contiguous pavement area hav-ing uniform construction, maintenance, usage history, andcondition. A se
14、ction should also have the same traffic volumeand load intensity.2.1.9 porous friction surfacesopen-graded select aggre-gate mixture with an asphalt cement binder. This is a subset ofasphalt concrete-surfaced pavements.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle- Pav
15、ement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.41 onPavement Management and Data Needs.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 5340 03.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a lis
16、t of references at the end ofthe text.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.1.10 portland cement concrete (PCC) pavementaggregate mixture with portland cement binder includingnonreinforced and reinforced jointed pavement.
17、2.1.11 random samplea sample unit of the pavementsection selected for inspection by random sampling techniques,such as a random number table or systematic random proce-dure.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The pavement is divided into branches that are dividedinto sections. Each section is divided into
18、sample units. Thetype and severity of airport pavement distress is assessed byvisual inspection of the pavement sample units. The quantity ofthe distress is measured as described in Appendix X1 andAppendix X2. The distress data are used to calculate the PCIfor each sample unit. The PCI of the paveme
19、nt section isdetermined based on the PCI of the inspected sample unitswithin the section.4. Significance and Use4.1 The PCI is a numerical indicator that rates the surfacecondition of the pavement. The PCI provides a measure of thepresent condition of the pavement based on the distressobserved on th
20、e surface of the pavement which also indicatesthe structural integrity and surface operational condition (lo-calized roughness and safety). The PCI cannot measure thestructural capacity, neither does it provide direct measurementof skid resistance or roughness. It provides an objective andrational b
21、asis for determining maintenance and repair needsand priorities. Continuous monitoring of the PCI is used toestablish the rate of pavement deterioration, which permitsearly identification of major rehabilitation needs. The PCIprovides feedback on pavement performance for validation orimprovement of
22、current pavement design and maintenanceprocedures.5. Apparatus5.1 Data Sheets, or other field recording instruments thatrecord at a minimum the following information: date, location,branch, section, sample unit size, slab number and size, distresstypes, severity levels, quantities, and names of surv
23、eyors.Example data sheets for AC and PCC pavements are shown inFig. 2 and Fig. 3.5.2 Hand Odometer Wheel, that reads to the nearest 0.1 ft(30 mm).5.3 Straightedge or String Line (AC only), 10 ft (3 m).5.4 Scale, 12 in. (300 mm) that reads to18 in. (3 mm) orbetter. Additional 12-in. (300-mm) ruler or
24、 straightedge isneeded to measure faulting in PCC pavements.5.5 Layout Plan, for airport to be inspected.6. Hazards6.1 Traffic is a hazard as inspectors must walk on thepavement to perform the condition survey. Inspection must beapproved by and coordinated with the airport operational staff.6.2 Nois
25、e from aircraft can be a hazard. Hearing protectionmust be available to the inspector at all times when airsideinspections are being performed.7. Sampling and Sample Units7.1 Identify areas of the pavement with different uses suchas runways, taxiways, and aprons on the airport layout plan.7.2 Divide
26、 each single-use area into sections based on thepavement design, construction history, traffic, and condition.7.3 Divide the pavement sections into sample units. If thepavement slabs in PCC have joint spacings greater than 25 ft (8m), subdivide each slab into imaginary slabs. The imaginaryslabs shou
27、ld all be less than or equal to 25 ft (8 m) in length,and the imaginary joints dividing the slabs are assumed to bein perfect condition. This is needed because the deduct valueswere developed for jointed concrete slabs less than or equal to25 ft (8 m).7.4 Individual sample units to be inspected shou
28、ld bemarked or identified in a manner to allow inspectors andquality control personnel to easily locate them on the pavementsurface. Paint marks along the edge and sketches with locationsconnected to physical pavement features are acceptable. Theuse of nails or other potential FOD sources is not rec
29、om-mended. It is necessary to be able to accurately relocate thesample units to allow verification of current distress data, toFIG. 1 Two Examples of Pavement Condition Index (PCI (trademarked) Rating ScalesD5340092examine changes in condition with time of a particular sampleunit, and to enable futu
30、re inspections of the same sample unitif desired.7.5 Select the sample units to be inspected. The number ofsample units to be inspected may vary from all of the sampleunits in the section, a number of sample units that provides a95 % confidence level, or a lesser number.7.5.1 All sample units in the
31、 section may be inspected todetermine the average PCI of the section. This is usuallyprecluded for routine management purposes by availablemanpower, funds, and time. Total sampling, however, isdesirable for project analysis to help estimate maintenance andrepair quantities.7.5.2 The minimum number o
32、f sample units (n) that must besurveyed within a given section to obtain a statisticallyadequate estimate (95 % confidence) of the PCI of the sectionis calculated using the following formula and rounding n to thenext highest whole number (1).n 5Ns2SSe24DN 2 1! 1 s2D(1)where:e = acceptable error in e
33、stimating the section PCI. Com-monly, e = 65 PCI points,s = standard deviation of the PCI from one sample unit toanother within the section. When performing theinitial inspection, the standard deviation is assumed tobe ten for AC pavements and 15 for PCC pavements.This assumption should be checked a
34、s describedbelow after PCI values are determined. For subse-quent inspections the standard deviation from thepreceding inspection should be used to determine n,andN = total number of sample units in the section.7.5.2.1 If obtaining the 95 % confidence level is critical, theadequacy of the number of
35、sample units surveyed must beconfirmed. The number of sample units was estimated based onan assumed standard deviation. Calculate the actual standarddeviation(s) as follows (1):s 5(i 5 1nPCIi2 PCIf!2n 2 1!(2)FIG. 2 Flexible Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample UnitD5340093where:PCIi= PCI
36、of surveyed sample unit i,PCIf= mean PCI of surveyed sample units, andn = total number of sample units surveyed.7.5.2.2 Calculate the revised minimum number of sampleunits (Eq 1) to be surveyed using the calculated standarddeviation (Eq 2). If the revised number of sample units to besurveyed is grea
37、ter than the number of sample units alreadysurveyed, select and survey additional random sample units.These sample units should be evenly spaced across the section.Repeat the process of checking the revised number of sampleunits and surveying additional random sample units until thetotal number of s
38、ample units surveyed equals or exceeds theminimum required sample units (n) in Eq 1, using the actualtotal sample standard deviation).7.5.3 Alesser sampling rate than the above mentioned 95 %confidence level can be used based on the condition surveyobjective. As an example, one agency uses the follo
39、wing tablefor selecting the number of sample units to be inspected forother than project analysis:Given Survey1 to 5 sample units 1 sample unit6 to 10 sample units 2 sample units11 to 15 sample units 3 sample units16 to 40 sample units 4 sample unitsover 40 sample units 10 %7.6 Once the number of sa
40、mple units to be inspected hasbeen determined, compute the spacing interval of the unitsusing systematic random sampling. Samples are equally spacedthroughout the section with the first sample selected at random.The spacing interval (i) of the units to be sampled is calculatedby the following formul
41、a rounded to the next lowest wholenumber:i 5Nn(3)where:N = total number of sample units in the section, andn = number of sample units to be inspected.The first sample unit to be inspected is selected at randomfrom sample units 1 through i. The sample units within asection that are successive increme
42、nts of the interval i after thefirst randomly selected unit are also inspected.7.7 Additional sample units are only to be inspected whennonrepresentative distresses are observed as defined in 2.1.1.These sample units are selected by the user.8. Inspection Procedure8.1 The definitions and guidelines
43、for quantifying distressesfor PCI determination are given in Appendix X1 for ACpavements. Other related references (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) arealso available that discuss distress survey; however, when thematerial in these references conflict with the definitions in-cluded in this test method, the d
44、efinitions in this test methodare used.8.2 AC Surfaced Pavement, Including Porous FrictionSurfacesIndividually inspect each sample unit chosen.Sketch the sample unit, including orientation. Record thebranch and section number, and number and type of the sampleunit (random or additional). Record the
45、sample unit sizemeasured with the hand odometer. Conduct the distress inspec-tion by walking over the sample unit being surveyed, measur-ing the quantity of each severity level of every distress typepresent, and recording the data. Distresses must correspond intypes and severities to those described
46、 in Appendix X1. Themethod of measurement is included with each distress descrip-tion. Measurements should be made to 60.1 ft (30 mm) withthe hand odometer. Summarize each distress type and severitylevel in either square feet or linear feet (square metres or linearmetres), depending on the type of d
47、istress. Repeat this proce-dure for each sample unit to be inspected. A blank “FlexiblePavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample Unit” isincluded in Appendix X5.8.3 PCC PavementsIndividually inspect each sample unitchosen. Sketch the sample unit showing the location of theslabs. Record the sam
48、ple unit size, branch and section number,number and type of the sample unit (random or additional), thenumber of slabs in the sample unit, and the slab size measuredwith the hand odometer. Perform the inspection by walkingover each slab of the sample unit being surveyed and recordingall distresses e
49、xisting in the slab along with their severity level.The distress types and severities must correspond with thosedescribed in Appendix X2. Summarize the distress types, theirseverity levels, and the number of slabs in the sample unitcontaining each type and severity level. Repeat this procedurefor each sample unit to be inspected. A blank “Jointed RigidFIG. 3 Jointed Rigid Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet forSample UnitD5340094Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample Unit” isincluded in Appendix X5.9. Calculation of PCI for AC Pavement, IncludingPorous Fr
