1、Designation: D5405/D5405M 98 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Test Method forConducting Time-to-Failure (Creep-Rupture) Tests of JointsFabricated from Nonbituminous Organic Roof MembraneMaterial1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5405/D5405M; the number immediately following the designat
2、ion indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was editorially revised
3、 in June 2011.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers laboratory determination of thetime-to-failure (creep-rupture) of joints fabricated from nonbi-tuminous organic roof membrane material. The test methodcovers both T-peel and lap-shear joints subjected to constanttensile load under controlled environm
4、ental conditions. Thejoints, made from either unreinforced or fabric-reinforcedmembrane material, are prepared in the laboratory or sampledfrom roofs in service.1.2 Sheet materials from which the joints are fabricatedinclude vulcanized rubbers, nonvulcanized polymeric sheets,and thermoplastics. The
5、bonding methods for joint formationinclude the use of liquid-based adhesives, preformed tapes, andthermal and solvent weld processes.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; th
6、erefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
7、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D816 Test Methods for Rubber CementsD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and WaterproofingD1876
8、Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-Peel Test)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D907 and D1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 creep-rupture testa test that measures the time-to-failure of a specim
9、en subjected to a constant load; progressivespecimen deformation may also be measured.3.2.2 failurerupture of the bond resulting in completeseparation of its adherends under the test conditions; or,alternatively, rupture of the membrane material away from thebonded section of the test specimen (that
10、 is, material rupture).3.2.3 time-to-failurethe period of time beginning when ajoint specimen is placed under load and ending when failureoccurs.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is a creep-rupture test without mea-surement of specimen deformation. The time-to-failure, inhours, of joints
11、 fabricated from nonbituminous organic roofmembrane materials is measured when subject to constantdeadweight loads under controlled temperature and humidityconditions.5. Significance and Use5.1 An important factor affecting the performance of jointsof nonbituminous membranes is their ability to rema
12、in bondedover the membranes expected service life. Time-to-failuretests provide a means of characterizing the behavior of jointsunder constant load over time.5.2 Creep is a sensitive index of rheological properties thatdepend on material, load, temperature, and time. Time-to-failure data that are ob
13、tained over a relatively short time periodcan evaluate one factor affecting a joints ability to withstandstatic loading over a relatively long time period.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08
14、.18 onNonbituminous Organic Roof Coverings.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5405 98 (2004).DOI: 10.1520/D5405_D5405M-98R11E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orconta
15、ct ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 Time-to-failure dat
16、a for joints of nonbituminous organicroof membrane specimens can be used for the following: (1)toprovide a measure of the load-carrying ability of the joint as afunction of time at various levels of load, temperature, andrelative humidity; (2) to characterize the joint with regard tofactors affectin
17、g performance, such as surface preparation ofthe adherend, solvent-based adhesive thickness and open time,environment during adhesive application and cure, and tem-perature of thermal welding processes; and (3) to compare theeffects of different bonding processes or adhesive bondingmaterials on join
18、t performance.5.4 While it is considered that the results obtained by thislaboratory test may afford a measure of the performance ofseams in service, provided that load, temperature, and humidityconditions are known, no direct correlation has been estab-lished.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Chamber, of suffic
19、ient size to hold a minimum of15 specimens. The height of the chamber shall be sufficient toallow suspension of the deadweight loads and specimendeformation during testing. The chamber shall be structurallycapable of supporting the loads anticipated during testingwithout appreciable deflection.NOTE
20、1A minimum height of 600 mm 24 in. is suitable for thespecimen sizes described in this test method if they are not extremelyextensible. A taller chamber may be needed if they are extremelyextensible.6.1.1 Temperature and Humidity ControlThe control oftemperature and humidity is important, since smal
21、l changes inthese variables may produce large changes in time-to-failure.The temperature and relative humidity within the chambershall be controlled within 63C 6 5F and 65 % relativehumidity, respectively, over the duration of the test. Anydeviations from these limits shall be given in the test repo
22、rt.The selected temperature and humidity conditions shall beuniform throughout the enclosed space (63C or 65F and65 % relative humidity). If this uniformity is achieved throughmechanical air circulation, it shall not cause the specimens tosway, vibrate, or be otherwise disturbed.NOTE 2Suggested test
23、 conditions are as follows: (1) normal ambienttemperature (approximately 23C or 73F) and humidity (50 % relativehumidity); and (2) extremes to which the seams may be subjected inservice.6.2 Specimen and Load ClampingThe chamber shall beequipped with a means for clamping the joint specimensvertically
24、 to the top of the interior of the chamber, or othersuitable upper support. Also, a clamp shall be provided tosecure the deadweight loads to the bottom of the jointspecimens. Figs. 1 and 2 show a suggested clamping arrange-ment including the deadweight load.6.3 Deadweight Loads, of appropriate mass
25、(see Section10).NOTE 3It is convenient to have available a means of providingvariable loads that may differ from test to test, depending on the propertiesof the joint specimens and test conditions. Hollow pipe nipples containinglead shot and sealed with end caps provide convenient deadweights. Thema
26、ss of the deadweights is adjusted by adding or removing lead shot.6.4 Load Application MechanismThis device allows forplacing all of the joint specimens under load simultaneously.An example of such a device is a large tray, suspended onpulleys, which supports the loads attached to the bottom of thes
27、pecimens. Lowering the tray allows all test specimens anddeadweights attached to them to be suspended freely at once.NOTE 4If each specimen has its own timer device (see 6.5), it is notnecessary to load all specimens simultaneously.6.5 Timer Device, for recording the total time over whicheach indivi
28、dual specimen is under load, or for marking the timeat which failure of each specimen occurs. The sensitivity of thetimer shall be as follows:Failure Time Timer Sensitivity#25 h 0.1 min25 and #100 h 0.01 h100 h 0.1 hNOTE 5For investigations involving multiple specimens in the cham-ber, a computer-co
29、ntrolled timer that records the time-to-failure has beenfound to be satisfactory. In this case, a micro-electrical circuit connectedto the computer is set up for each specimen. The circuit consists of a wireloop, of which one segment is a short length of wire (trigger wire) attachedto each grip on t
30、he test specimen and set to stop the computer clock whenfailure occurs. At the point of attachment at the top grip, the trigger wireis inserted in an electrical connector. When the specimen fails and thedeadweight on the lower grip falls, the trigger wire is pulled from theconnector, breaking the ci
31、rcuit and stopping the clock.7. Vibration Control7.1 Because the time-to-failure tests are sensitive to vibra-tion, select a location of the testing apparatus for minimumdisturbance. When a vibration-free location is not available, thetesting apparatus shall be designed so that the specimens areisol
32、ated from vibration. In addition, precautions shall be takento avoid vibration caused by the falling deadweights atspecimen failure. Caution shall be exercised during testing toFIG. 1 Schematic of a T-Peel Specimen Clamped Under LoadD5405/D5405M 98 (2011)12avoid vibration due to normal laboratory ac
33、tivities such asopening and closing doors and bench drawers.NOTE 6A wire cord, attached to the deadweight and also upperspecimen clamp, minimizes vibration at specimen failure. The cord lengthmust be long enough to allow free fall of the deadweight, but short enoughto prevent it from striking the fl
34、oor of the test chamber.8. Test Specimens8.1 Laboratory Specimens:8.1.1 The time-to-failure tests are conducted on eitherT-peel or lap-shear specimens. Test specimen variables that canaffect time-to-failure include, depending on the seam fabrica-tion technique, the method of membrane material surfac
35、epreparation, adhesive thickness, adhesive open time, pressureapplied during bond formation, thermal weld temperature, andweld equipment speed. Other variables that can affect time-to-failure are time, temperature, and relative humidity of thespecimen cure.8.1.2 T-Peel SpecimensPrepare T-peel test s
36、pecimens,125 by 25 mm 5 by 1 in., 62 %, as shown in Fig. 3. Thelength of the bond shall be 75 mm 3 in. 62 %. The testspecimens may be cut from a single section prepared bybonding two large pieces of sheet membrane material. Ifspecimens having dimensions other than those specified aretested, they sha
37、ll be described in the test report. Prior to bondformation, prepare the surface of the sheet material accordingto the membrane manufacturers instructions, or using othermethods that shall be described in the test report. Similarly,form the joint using a process (that is, adhesive tape, or thermalor
38、solvent weld) in accordance with the membrane manufac-turers instructions, or using other methods that shall bedescribed in the test report. The use of test specimens whosepreparation includes additional materials such as primers orsealants is permissible. When adhesives are used, control thethickne
39、ss to 620 % of the value selected for the test specimens(see 8.1.5). Label each specimen with an identification number.8.1.3 Lap-Shear SpecimensPrepare lap-shear test speci-mens, 150 by 25 mm. 6 by 1 in., 62 %, as shown in Fig. 4.The length of the bonded lap shall be 25 mm 1 in. 62%.Ifspecimens havi
40、ng dimensions other than those specified aretested, they shall be described in the test report. The sheetsurface preparation and bond formation shall be as given in8.1.2. Label each specimen with an identification number.8.1.4 Specimen CureThe temperature and relative humid-ity conditions under whic
41、h the test specimens are prepared andcured shall be selected by the experimenter and described inthe test report. The temperature and relative humidity shall bemaintained within 63C 65F and 65 % relative humidityof the selected values, respectively.8.1.5 Adhesive ThicknessWhen a liquid-based adhesiv
42、eor tape is used for bond formation, measure the dry-filmadhesive or tape thickness of each specimen using a convenientlaboratory method. Describe the measurement method in thetest report.NOTE 7One method for controlling the thickness of the liquid-basedadhesive layer is to use a drawdown bar or sim
43、ilar device duringapplication of the adhesive to the membrane sheet. Another method is toFIG. 2 Schematic of a Lap-Shear Specimen Clamped Under LoadFIG. 3 Configuration and Dimensions of a T-Peel SpecimenFIG. 4 Configuration and Dimensions of a Lap-Shear SpecimenD5405/D5405M 98 (2011)13apply the wet
44、 liquid-based adhesive to the membrane sheet at a coveragequantity based on the solids content of the adhesive. In such cases,measurements should be performed to establish the thickness-coveragerelation; if necessary, consult with the membrane manufacturer forassistance in determining coverage quant
45、ities that will provide specificadhesive thicknesses.8.2 Field Specimens:8.2.1 T-peel or lap-shear specimens, having the dimensionsgiven in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively, may be prepared fromseams sampled from roofs in service. If the specimens havedimensions other than those given in Figs. 1 and 2, t
46、hespecimen dimensions shall be given in the test report. In thecase of lap-shear specimens, when the length of the bond isgreater than that given in Fig. 2, precautions must be taken toselect sufficiently high deadloads so that failure will occur in areasonable testing time.8.2.2 Record all availabl
47、e pertinent information, including,but not limited to, specimen age and type, type of membraneattachment, and location of the roof, in the test report.9. Number of Test Specimens and Bond Strength9.1 Prepare a sufficient number of specimens to conductboth bond strength measurement and time-to-failur
48、e tests.NOTE 8A newly prepared joint may change with time due tomechanisms such as cure, solvent evaporation, or crystallization. Thisresults in a bond strength that increases with time initially and thenreaches a constant value. In such cases, it is necessary to providetime-to-failure specimens tha
49、t have been cured over a time periodsufficient that their bond strength is constant. Determination of theconstant bond strength will influence the number of specimens necessaryto conduct this test method. Pretesting the bond strength of somespecimens over time is useful to estimate the time at which constantstrength is attained under the cure conditions.9.2 Test the bond strength (see 9.2.1 and 9.2.2) of sets of aminimum of three joint specimens (either T-peel or lap-shear)periodically, and plot the strength results versus time. Us
