1、Designation: D 5414 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Horizontal Impact Performance of LoadUnitizing Stretch Wrap Films1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5414; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to evaluate and compare theability of stretch-wrap films to
3、 survive horizontal impacts in alaboratory simulation.1.2 The test levels may be varied to represent the mode ofshipping and handling used for the unit load under test.1.3 The methodology of performing the controlled horizon-tal impacts is described in detail in Test Methods D 4003. Thistest method
4、will describe only sample preparation and evalu-ation in the special case of evaluating the performance of filmfor load unitizing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establis
5、h appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Container
6、s and SystemsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for packaging and dis-tribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 backloada duplicate specimen s
7、imilar to the testpackage or weights to simulate the other lading in the transportvehicle.3.2.2 shock pulse programmera device used to control theparameters of the acceleration versus time-shock pulse gener-ated by a shock test impact machine.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The horizontal impacts used
8、in this test method areprogrammed shock inputs that represent the hazards as theyoccur in the shipping and handling environment. The environ-mental hazards may include rail switching impacts, palletmarshalling impacts, etc.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended to be used mainly as
9、ameans of comparing the performance of unitizing films. It canalso be used to compare the effectiveness of different wrapcycles with the same wrapping materials. No direct correlationbetween these tests results and actual field performance hasbeen established.5.2 This test method simulates the horiz
10、ontal impact ele-ments of the distribution environment. Horizontal impacts areencountered in rail car switching and pallet marshalling pro-cedures, both in the warehouse and during the loading andunloading of transport vehicles.5.3 This test method leaves open to the discretion of the userthe establ
11、ishment of test levels and the number of impactsconstituting the test so that one might tailor the test to simulateones particular distribution environment. The section entitled“Element HSimulated Rail Switching” in Practice D 4169may provide some guidance in this regard.6. Apparatus6.1 Load Wrappin
12、g ApparatusA machine or apparatus towrap the test load. The method of wrap application is prefer-ably as near as possible to that used in an actual productionsituation (stretch wrapper or manual wrapping unit).6.2 Horizontal Impact Test MachineRefer to Test Meth-ods D 4003, paragraph 5.1 and followi
13、ng subparagraphs, for acomplete description.6.3 InstrumentationRefer to Test Methods D 4003, para-graph 5.3 and following subparagraphs, for a complete descrip-tion.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 o
14、n Palletizingand Unitizing of Loads.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 5414 95 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.
15、org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7. Procedure7.1 Procedure ANormal Test Mode:7.1.1 Prepare the t
16、est load. Arrange the units comprising thetest load in layers and stack them on the pallet or slip sheet inthe normal manner.7.1.2 Wrap the test load with the unitizing film at apredetermined percent stretch and wrap cycle.7.1.3 Allow the wrapped load to stand undisturbed for aminimum of 16 h before
17、 testing. This gives the stress retentionforces in the stretched wrapping material time to equilibrate.7.1.4 Perform the horizontal impact test. Follow the proce-dures detailed in Test Methods D 4003 (Procedure A or B,depending on the specific hazard being simulated). For thepurposes of this test me
18、thod, the use of back loading can beeliminated since this would not normally affect the perfor-mance of the unitizing materials.7.1.5 EvaluationAfter completion of the desired horizon-tal impact cycle, inspect the load and note the degree of loadshifting between layers. Also note any failure in the
19、unitizingmaterial such as horizontal or vertical splits, tears, holes, orother test-induced defects.7.2 Procedure BSevere Test Mode:7.2.1 Perform this test in the same manner as Test MethodA, except hold the unit load or block away from the horizontalbulkhead of the test carriage by placing a solid
20、block approxi-mately the size of one of the individual containers comprisingthe unit load on the floor of the test carriage between the testspecimen and the bulkhead. This test mode will induceadditional severe stresses on the load unitizing materials since,on impact, the unrestrained upper section
21、of the unit load willtend to continue to move forward while the lower section willbe prevented from doing so by the block on the floor of the testcarriage.7.2.2 This represents a severe situation and may not beindicative of the actual shipping situation of the user. However,this severe test can be u
22、seful as a comparative tool if thenormal test shows no effect or is unable to differentiatebetween two materials or wrap cycles.8. Report8.1 Include the following information in the test report:8.2 Test UnitComplete description of the test load evalu-ated:8.2.1 Dimensions of each unit (outside dimen
23、sions).8.2.2 Dimension of unitized test load (circumference andheight).8.2.3 Number of individual units per test load.8.2.4 Weight of each unit and total test load.8.2.5 Orientation of test load.8.3 Wrap Material:8.3.1 Supplier.8.3.2 Film thickness.8.3.3 Roll width.8.4 Wrap CycleComplete description
24、 of the wrap cycleused in the wrapping test load. Examples of a wrap cycledescription in stretch-wrap film are as follows:8.4.1 Set percent stretch gear ration or dial settings.8.4.2 Actual measured percent stretch.8.4.3 Overlap up.8.4.4 Top dwell, revolutions.8.4.5 Overlap down.8.4.6 Bottom dwell,
25、revolutions.8.4.7 Total table rotation.8.4.8 Film used (weight or purposes footage, or both).8.4.9 Date and time wrapped and date and time testingbegan.8.5 Test Parameters:8.5.1 Number of impacts the unit received.8.5.2 Velocity change for each of the impacts.8.5.3 Pulse duration of the impact shock
26、.8.5.4 Distance the load was blocked away from the bulk-head of the test carriage (if applicable).8.6 Stretch-Wrap Material EvaluationDetailed descrip-tion of the type of damage resulting from the test and thecondition of the unit load after completion of the impacttesting. Some examples of damage m
27、odes are as follows:8.6.1 Tearing of material on corners.8.6.2 Splitting of the film on the sides of the test load, eitherhorizontally or vertically.8.6.3 Permanent load shifting, that is, a permanent shift ofthe layers of the unit load with respect to one another, resultingin a leaning or skewed lo
28、ad.8.6.4 Loss of test load and integrity, that is, shifting of layersto the point of toppling over or losing individual units out ofthe test load.8.6.5 Procedure used.9. Precision and Bias9.1 No statement is made concerning either the precision orbias of this test method since the results state mere
29、ly whetherthis is in conformance with the criteria for success specified bythe user of this test method.10. Keywords10.1 impact; stretch wrap materials; thin filmsD 5414 95 (2007)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item m
30、entionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committ
31、ee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meet
32、ing of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
33、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 5414 95 (2007)3
