1、Designation: D 5449/D 5449M 93 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forTransverse Compressive Properties of Hoop WoundPolymer Matrix Composite Cylinders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5449/D 5449M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressiveproperties o
3、f wound polymer matrix composites reinforced byhigh-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoopwound (90) cylinders in axial compression for determinationof transverse compressive properties.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as stan
4、dard. Within the text theinch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.1.3 This standard does not pur
5、port to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D
6、792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD 2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-ticsD 3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content
7、 of CompositeMaterialsD 3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture AbsorptionProperties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-trix Composite MaterialsD 5448/D 5448M Test Method for Inplane Shear Propertiesof Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite CylindersD 545
8、0/D 5450M Test Method for Transverse Tensile Prop-erties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylin-dersE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ingE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 122 Practice for
9、Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or ProcessE 132 Test Method for Poissons Ratio at Room Tempera-tureE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristi
10、cs ofMetallic Bonded Resistance Strain GagesE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance StrainGages3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology D 3878 de
11、fines terms relatingto high-modulus fibers and their composites. TerminologyD 883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6defines terms relating to mechanical testing. TerminologyE 456 and Practice E 177 defines terms relating to statistics. Inthe event of a conflict between terms, Termino
12、logy D 3878shall have precedence over other standards.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 onComposite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 onLamina and Laminate Test Methods.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published January 2006. Ori
13、ginallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 5449/D 5449M 93(2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Su
14、mmary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:33.2.1 windingan entire part completed by one windingoperation and then cured.3.2.2 hoop wound, na windi
15、ng of a cylindrical componentin which the filaments are circumferentially oriented.3.2.3 specimena single part cut from a winding. Eachwinding may yield several specimens.3.2.4 transverse compressive modulus, E22MT2L1,nthe compressive elastic modulus of a unidirectional mate-rial in the direction pe
16、rpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.3.2.5 transverse compressive strength, s22uc, MT2L1,nthe strength of a unidirectional material when a compres-sive load is applied in the direction perpendicular to thereinforcing fibers.3.2.6 transverse compressive strain at failure, e22ucnd,nthe value of strai
17、n, perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers ina unidirectional material, at failure when a compressive load isapplied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A thin-walled hoop wound cylinder nominally 100 mm4 in. in diameter and 140 mm 512 in. in length
18、is bondedinto two end fixtures. The specimen fixture assembly ismounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded incompression while recording load. The transverse compressivestrength can be determined from the maximum load carriedbefore failure. If the coupon strain is monitored with straing
19、ages then the stress-strain response, the compressive strain atfailure, transverse compression modulus of elasticity, andPoissons ratio can be derived.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is designed to produce transversecompressive property data for material specifications, researchand devel
20、opment, quality assurance, and structural design andanalysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressiveresponse and should therefore be reported are: material,method of material preparation, specimen preparation, speci-men conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignmentand gripping,
21、 speed of testing, void content, and fiber volumefraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtainedfrom this test method are:5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, s22uc,5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, e22uc,5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E22,and5.1.
22、4 Poissons ratio, g21.6. Interference6.1 Material and Specimen PreparationPoor materialfabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, anddamage induced by improper coupon machining are knowncauses of high material data scatter in composites.6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test FixturesAhigh per
23、centageof failures in or near the bond between the test specimen andthe test fixture, especially when combined with high materialdata scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems.Specimen to fixture bonding is discussed in 11.5.6.3 System AlignmentExcessive bending may cause pre-mature fail
24、ure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus ofelasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occuras a result of misaligned grips, misaligned specimens in the testfixtures, or from departures of the specimens from tolerancerequireme
25、nts. The alignment should always be checked asdiscussed in 12.2.7. Apparatus7.1 Micrometers, suitable ball type for reading to within0.025 6 0.010 mm 0.001 6 0.0004 in. of the specimen innerand outer diameters. Flat anvil-type micrometer or calipers ofsimilar resolution may be used for the overall s
26、pecimen lengthand the gage length (the free length between the fixtures).7.2 Compression FixtureThe compression fixture consistsof a steel outer shell and insert.An assembly drawing for thesecomponents and the test fixture is shown in Fig. 1.7.2.1 Outer ShellThe outer shell (SI units Fig. 2, English
27、units Fig. 3) is circular with a concentric circular hollow in oneface, a groove along the diameter of the other face, and a centerhole through the thickness. Along the diameter perpendicularto the groove, three pairs of small eccentric holes are placed atthree radial distances. The two outer pairs
28、of holes arethreaded. Four additional threaded holes are placed at the sameradial distance as the innermost pair of holes at 90 intervalsstarting 45 from the diameter that passes through the centergroove.7.2.2 InsertThe fixture insert is circular with a center holethrough the thickness (SI units Fig
29、. 4, English units Fig. 5).Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outer3If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are statedimmediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimens
30、ion form,using the followingASTM standard symbology for fundamental dimensions, shownwithin square brackets: M for mass, L for length, T for time, u forthermodynamic temperature, and nd for nondimensional quantities. Use of thesesymbols is restricted to analytical dimensions when used with square br
31、ackets, as thesymbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets.FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for the Compression Fixture andSpecimenD 5449/D 5449M 93 (2006)2shell. The set of four holes at 90 intervals are counterbored.The insert is fastened inside the hollow of the outer shell toform the
32、 concentric groove used to put the specimen in thefixture (Fig. 1).7.2.3 The outer shell and insert for the compression fixtureare the same outer shell and insert used for the fixtures instandard test methods D 5448/D 5448M and D 5450/D 5450M.7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of the following:7.3.1 Fix
33、ed MemberA fixed or essentially stationarymember.7.3.2 Movable Member.7.3.3 Steel Platens, two, flat, one of which connects to theload-sensing device and the other at the opposite end of theassembled test fixture. At least one (preferably both) of theseplatens is coupled to the test machine with a s
34、wivel joint, thatis, a hemispherical ball on the machine that fits into ahemispherical recess on one or both of the platens.FIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in Metric UnitsFIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in EnglishUnitsFIG. 4 The Insert of the Compression Fixture i
35、n Metric UnitsFIG. 5 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in English UnitsD 5449/D 5449M 93 (2006)37.3.4 Drive Mechanism, for imparting to the movable mem-ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixedmember, this velocity to be regulated as specified in 11.6.7.3.5 Load IndicatorA suit
36、able load-indicating mecha-nism capable of showing the total compressive load carried bythe test specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free ofinertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate theload within an accuracy of 61 % of the actual value, or better.The accuracy of the
37、testing machine shall be verified inaccordance with Practice E4.7.3.6 Construction MaterialsThe fixed member, movablemember, platens, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall beconstructed of such materials and in such proportions that thetotal longitudinal deformation of the system contributed bythese p
38、arts is minimized.7.4 Strain-Indicating DeviceLoad versus strain data shallbe determined by means of bonded resistance strain gages.Each strain gage shall be 6.3 mm 0.25 in. in length. Thespecimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both theaxial and circumferential direction to determine Poi
39、ssonsRatio. Strain gage rosettes (0/45/90) shall be used to correctfor gage misalignment. Gage calibration certification shallcomply with Test Method E 251. Some guidelines on the use ofstrain gages on composites are presented as follows. A generalreference on the subject is Tuttle and Brinson.47.4.
40、1 Surface PreparationThe surface preparation offiber-reinforced composites discussed in Guide E 1237 canpenetrate the matrix material and cause damage to the rein-forcing fibers, resulting in improper coupon failures. Reinforc-ing fibers should not be exposed or damaged during the surfacepreparation
41、 process. The strain gage manufacturer should beconsulted regarding surface preparation guidelines and recom-mended bonding agents for composites, pending the develop-ment of a set of standard practices for strain-gage installationsurface preparation of fiber-reinforced composite materials.7.4.2 Gag
42、e ResistanceConsideration should be given tothe selection of gages having larger resistance to reduceheating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of350 V or higher are preferred. Additional considerationsshould be given to the use of the minimum possible gageexcitation voltage consiste
43、nt with the desired accuracy (1 to 2V is recommended) to reduce further the power consumed bythe gage. Heating of the coupon by the gage may affect theperformance of the material directly, or it may affect theindicated strain as a result of a difference between the gagetemperature compensation facto
44、r and the coefficient of thermalexpansion of the coupon material.7.4.3 Temperature ConsiderationsConsideration of someform of temperature compensation is recommended, evenwhen testing at standard laboratory atmosphere. Temperaturecompensation is required when testing in nonambient tempera-ture envir
45、onments.7.4.4 Transverse SensitivityConsideration should begiven to the transverse sensitivity of the selected strain gage.The strain gage manufacturer should be consulted for recom-mendations on transverse sensitivity corrections and effects oncomposites. This is particularly important for a transv
46、erselymounted gage used to determine Poissons ratio.7.5 Conditioning ChamberWhen conditioning materialsat nonlaboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level con-trolled environment conditioning chamber is required which4Tuttle, M. E., and Brinson, H. F., “Resistance Foil Strain Gage Technology as
47、Applied to Composite Materials,” Experimental Mechanics, Vol 24, No. 1, March1984, pp. 5464; errata noted in Vol 26, No. 2, January 1986, pp. 153154.FIG. 6 Test Specimen Shown with Strain Gage ConfigurationD 5449/D 5449M 93 (2006)4shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature towithin 63C
48、 65F and the required relative vapor level towithin 63 %. Chamber conditions shall be monitored either onan automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at regularintervals.7.6 Environmental Test ChamberAn environmental testchamber is required for testing environments other than ambi-ent testing
49、laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be ca-pable of maintaining the gage section of the test specimen atthe required test environment during the mechanical test.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 SamplingAt least five specimens per test conditionshould be tested unless valid results can be gained through theuse of fewer specimens, such as in the case of a designedexperiment. For statistically significant data, the proceduresoutlined in Practice E 122 should be consulted. The method ofsampling shall be repo
