1、Designation: D5449/D5449M 11Standard Test Method forTransverse Compressive Properties of Hoop WoundPolymer Matrix Composite Cylinders1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5449/D5449M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This tes
3、t method determines the transverse compressiveproperties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced byhigh-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoopwound (90) cylinders in axial compression for determinationof transverse compressive properties.1.2 The technical content of this stand
4、ard has been stablesince 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders.As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of thisstandard, changes since that date have been limited to itemsrequired to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Commit-tee standards, including editorial
5、changes and incorporation ofupdated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environ-mental testing. The standard, therefore, should not be consid-ered to include any significant changes in approach andpractice since 1993. Future maintenance of the standard willonly be in response to specific reques
6、ts and performed only astechnical support allows.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the t
7、wo systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown inbrackets.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-p
8、riate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2584 Test Metho
9、d for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-ticsD3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of CompositeMaterialsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture AbsorptionProperties and Equilibrium Conditioning of
10、Polymer Ma-trix Composite MaterialsD5448/D5448M Test Method for Inplane Shear Propertiesof Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite CylindersD5450/D5450M Test Method for Transverse Tensile Prop-erties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylin-dersE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
11、E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or ProcessE132 Test Method for Poissons Ratio at Room Tempe
12、ra-tureE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 onComposite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Su
13、bcommittee D30.04 onLamina and Laminate Test Methods.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D5449/D5449M 93(2006). DOI: 10.1520/D5449_D5449M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.
14、astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E456 T
15、erminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology D3878 defines terms relatingto high-modulus fibers and their
16、composites. TerminologyD883 defines terms relating to plastics.Terminology E6 definesterms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 andPractice E177 defines terms relating to statistics. In the event ofa conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall haveprecedence over other standards.NOTE
17、 1If the term represents a physical quantity, its analyticaldimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) infundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard sym-bology for fundamental dimensions, shown within square brackets: Mfor mass, L for length, T for time
18、, u for thermodynamic temperature,and nd for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restrictedto analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, as the symbolsmay have other definitions when used without the brackets.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:33.2.1 windin
19、gan entire part completed by one windingoperation and then cured.3.2.2 hoop wound, na winding of a cylindrical componentin which the filaments are circumferentially oriented.3.2.3 specimena single part cut from a winding. Eachwinding may yield several specimens.3.2.4 transverse compressive modulus,
20、E22ML1T2,nthe compressive elastic modulus of a unidirectional mate-rial in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.3.2.5 transverse compressive strength, s22uc,ML1T2,nthe strength of a unidirectional material when a compres-sive force is applied in the direction perpendicular to therei
21、nforcing fibers.3.2.6 transverse compressive strain at failure, 22ucnd,nthe value of strain, perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers ina unidirectional material, at failure when a compressive force isapplied in the direction perpendicular to the reinforcing fibers.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A thin
22、-walled hoop wound cylinder nominally 100 mm4 in. in diameter and 140 mm 512 in. in length is bondedinto two end fixtures. The specimen fixture assembly ismounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded incompression while recording force. The transverse compres-sive strength can be determin
23、ed from the maximum forcecarried before failure. If the cylinder strain is monitored withstrain gages then the stress-strain response, the compressivestrain at failure, transverse compression modulus of elasticity,and Poissons ratio can be derived.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is desig
24、ned to produce transversecompressive property data for material specifications, researchand development, quality assurance, and structural design andanalysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressiveresponse and should therefore be reported are: material,method of material preparation, spec
25、imen preparation, speci-men conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignmentand gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volumefraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtainedfrom this test method are:5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, s22uc,5.1.2 Transverse com
26、pressive strain at failure, 22uc,5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E22,and5.1.4 Poissons ratio, g21.6. Interference6.1 Material and Specimen PreparationPoor materialfabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, anddamage induced by improper specimen machining are known
27、causes of high material data scatter in composites.6.2 Bonding Specimens to Test FixturesAhigh percentageof failures in or near the bond between the test specimen andthe test fixture, especially when combined with high materialdata scatter, is an indicator of specimen bonding problems.Specimen to fi
28、xture bonding is discussed in 11.5.6.3 System AlignmentExcessive bending may cause pre-mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus ofelasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occuras a result of misaligned grips, mis
29、aligned specimens in the testfixtures, or from departures of the specimens from tolerancerequirements. The alignment should always be checked asdiscussed in 13.2.7. Apparatus7.1 Micrometers, suitable ball type for reading to within0.025 6 0.010 mm 0.001 6 0.0004 in. of the specimen innerand outer di
30、ameters. Flat anvil-type micrometer or calipers ofsimilar resolution may be used for the overall specimen lengthand the gage length (the free length between the fixtures).7.2 Compression FixtureThe compression fixture consistsof a steel outer shell and insert.An assembly drawing for thesecomponents
31、and the test fixture is shown in Fig. 1.7.2.1 Outer ShellThe outer shell (SI units Fig. 2, Englishunits Fig. 3) is circular with a concentric circular hollow in oneface, a groove along the diameter of the other face, and a centerhole through the thickness. Along the diameter perpendicularto the groo
32、ve, three pairs of small eccentric holes are placed atthree radial distances. The two outer pairs of holes arethreaded. Four additional threaded holes are placed at the sameradial distance as the innermost pair of holes at 90 intervalsstarting 45 from the diameter that passes through the centergroov
33、e.7.2.2 InsertThe fixture insert is circular with a center holethrough the thickness (SI units Fig. 4, English units Fig. 5).Two sets of holes are placed along a concentric centerline.3If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensions are statedimmediately following the term (or
34、letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form,using the followingASTM standard symbology for fundamental dimensions, shownwithin square brackets: M for mass, L for length, T for time, u forthermodynamic temperature, and nd for nondimensional quantities. Use of thesesymbols is restricted to analytical
35、 dimensions when used with square brackets, as thesymbols may have other definitions when used without the brackets.D5449/D5449M 112These holes align with the innermost set of holes in the outershell. The set of four holes at 90 intervals are counterbored.The insert is fastened inside the hollow of
36、the outer shell toform the concentric groove used to put the specimen in thefixture (Fig. 1).7.2.3 The outer shell and insert for the compression fixtureare the same outer shell and insert used for the fixtures instandard test methods D5448/D5448M and D5450/D5450M.7.3 Testing Machine, comprised of t
37、he following:7.3.1 Fixed MemberA fixed or essentially stationarymember.7.3.2 Movable Member.7.3.3 Steel Platens, two, flat, one of which connects to theforce-sensing device and the other at the opposite end of theassembled test fixture. At least one (preferably both) of theseplatens is coupled to th
38、e test machine with a swivel joint, thatis, a hemispherical ball on the machine that fits into ahemispherical recess on one or both of the platens.7.3.4 Drive Mechanism, for imparting to the movable mem-ber a uniform controlled velocity with respect to the fixedmember, this velocity to be regulated
39、as specified in 11.6.FIG. 1 Assembly Drawing for the Compression Fixture andSpecimenFIG. 2 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in Metric UnitsFIG. 3 The Outer Shell of the Compression Fixture in EnglishUnitsFIG. 4 The Insert of the Compression Fixture in Metric UnitsD5449/D5449M 1137.3.5 Forc
40、e IndicatorA suitable force-indicating mecha-nism capable of showing the total compressive force carried bythe test specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free ofinertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate theforce within an accuracy of 61 % of the actual value, or better.
41、The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified inaccordance with Practice E4.7.3.6 Construction MaterialsThe fixed member, movablemember, platens, drive mechanism, and fixtures shall beconstructed of such materials and in such proportions that thetotal longitudinal deformation of the system c
42、ontributed bythese parts is minimized.7.4 Strain-Indicating DeviceForce versus strain data shallbe determined by means of bonded resistance strain gages.Each strain gage shall be 6.3 mm 0.25 in. in length. Thespecimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both theaxial and circumferential direc
43、tion to determine Poissonsratio. Strain gage rosettes (0/45/90) shall be used to correctfor gage misalignment. Gage calibration certification shallcomply with Test Method E251. Some guidelines on the use ofstrain gages on composites are presented as follows. A generalreference on the subject is Tutt
44、le and Brinson.47.4.1 Surface PreparationThe surface preparation offiber-reinforced composites discussed in Guide E1237 canpenetrate the matrix material and cause damage to the rein-forcing fibers, resulting in improper specimen failures. Rein-forcing fibers should not be exposed or damaged during t
45、hesurface preparation process. The strain gage manufacturershould be consulted regarding surface preparation guidelinesand recommended bonding agents for composites, pending thedevelopment of a set of standard practices for strain-gageinstallation surface preparation of fiber-reinforced compositemat
46、erials.7.4.2 Gage ResistanceConsideration should be given tothe selection of gages having larger resistance to reduceheating effects on low-conductivity materials. Resistances of350 V or higher are preferred. Additional considerationsshould be given to the use of the minimum possible gageexcitation
47、voltage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 to 2V is recommended) to reduce further the power consumed bythe gage. Heating of the specimen by the gage may affect theperformance of the material directly, or it may affect theindicated strain as a result of a difference between the gagetemperature
48、compensation factor and the coefficient of thermalexpansion of the specimen material.7.4.3 Temperature ConsiderationsConsideration of someform of temperature compensation is recommended, evenwhen testing at standard laboratory atmosphere. Temperaturecompensation is required when testing in nonambien
49、t tempera-ture environments.7.4.4 Transverse SensitivityConsideration should begiven to the transverse sensitivity of the selected strain gage.The strain gage manufacturer should be consulted for recom-mendations on transverse sensitivity corrections and effects oncomposites. This is particularly important for a transverselymounted gage used to determine Poissons ratio.7.5 Conditioning ChamberWhen conditioning materialsat nonlaboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level con-trolled environment condit
