1、Designation: D 5519 07Standard Test Methods forParticle Size Analysis of Natural and Man-Made RiprapMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5519; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the particle size and massanalysis of natural and man-made riprap and related materials,incl
3、uding filter stone or coarse bedding materials.1.2 These test methods are generally intended for riprap andrelated materials. They are applicable for mixtures of stonesscreened from natural deposits, blast rock, processed materialsfrom quarried rock, or recycled concrete. They are applicablefor size
4、s 3 in. (75 mm) and above, with the upper size limitedonly by equipment available for handling and weighing theindividual particles.1.3 Four alternate procedures are provided. There is a widerange in the level of effort and the precision of the testprocedures. It is important for specifiers to indic
5、ate the testprocedure. Test reports should clearly indicate which procedurewas used.NOTE 1While conducting these test methods, it may be convenient tocollect data on other attributes, such as the amount of slab pieces anddeleterious materials.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to t
6、heguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 60261.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound unitsgiven in parentheses may be approximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
7、concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Docum
8、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of
9、Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4992 Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used forErosion ControlD 5240 Test Method for Testing Rock Slabs to EvaluateSoundness of Riprap by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Mag-nesium SulfateD 5312 Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Roc
10、kfor Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing Condi-tionsD 5313 Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rockfor Erosion Control Under Wetting and Drying ConditionsD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataD 6825 Guide for Placement of Riprap RevetmentsE11 Specification
11、for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terminology used within these test methods is inaccordance with Terminology D 653 with the addition of thefollowing:3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bedding (riprap)an aggregate mixture placed be
12、lowthe riprap. (See D 6825 for further information.)3.2.2 slab piecespieces of riprap that exhibit dimensionalratios of the thickness to width or width to length, or both, in1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subco
13、mmittee D18.17 on Rock forErosion Control.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 5519 94 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serv
14、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Uni
15、ted States.excess of a specified ratio. The specified ratios typically rangefrom 1:4 to 1:3 or less.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The following four test methods for evaluating particlesize distribution are available: Methods A and B involveweighting the material, Methods C and D involve measuringthe
16、 sizes. Generally, the precision is highest for Method A, andconsecutively lowest for Method D. The advantages to usingdifferent methods depend on resources, sampling frequencyand quantity, and to some extent the material size uniformity.4.1.1 Test Method AA sample of the material is obtained,each i
17、ndividual particle is weighted and recorded. Test MethodA is the most rigorous. It is most easily implemented for smallsized rock that can be handled manually, or for very limitedsamples of large pieces.4.1.2 Test Method BA sample of the material is obtained,grouped into weight ranges, and each pile
18、 within a weightrange is weighted.4.1.3 Test Method CA sample of the material is obtained,the size of each particle is measured and grouped into sizeranges, and the size ranges are converted to mass.4.1.4 Test Method DA sample of the material is parti-tioned within a revetment, particle sizes are me
19、asured andgrouped into size ranges, and the size ranges are converted tomass.5. Significance and Use5.1 Riprap is commonly used to prevent erosion of under-lying materials due to the effects of rain runoff, wind, flowingwater, or wave action. The particle size distribution (mass ofparticles) is an i
20、mportant physical characteristic of riprap, asdiscussed in D 6825. These test methods provide a gradation ofthe material graphically represented as percent finer than theparticle mass. If a gradation can be established or accepted onthe basis of only maximum and minimum particle sizes, then itmay no
21、t be necessary to establish the complete gradation inaccordance with these test methods.5.2 These test methods can be used during evaluation of apotential source, as a means of product acceptance, or forassessment of existing installations. Method D is not recom-mended as a means of product acceptan
22、ce.5.3 Other characteristics of interest, such as particle shape,particle angularity, or visually evident rock durability charac-teristics may be determined during the performance of thesetest methods.5.4 Interpretation of test results must consider the represen-tativeness of the sample.NOTE 2The ag
23、ency performing these test methods can be evaluated inaccordance with Practice D 3740. Not withstanding statements on preci-sion and bias contained in these test methods: The precision of these testmethods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing itand the suitability of the equipm
24、ent and facilities used.Agencies that meetthe criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable ofcompetent and objective testing. Users of these test methods are cautionedthat compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensure reliabletesting. Reliable testing depends on many fact
25、ors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Scales, of adequate capacity to determine the mass ofthe sorted riprap pieces either individually or in whole. For TestMethod A (or calibrations for Test Methods B and C), the scalewill be accurate to 1 % of the
26、 indicated mass. Calibrated orcertified commercial truck or quarry scales of adequate capac-ity are typically used. For individual particle measurementsusing Test Method A, hoist line load cells have been usedsuccessfully. For Test Method B, the scale will be accurate to5% of the indicated mass. If
27、bucket scales are used, they shallbe subject to calibration and verification with a certified truckscale.6.2 Sieves or Templates, meeting the requirements of Speci-fication E11for sizes up to 5 in. (125 mm). For sizes above 5in., single-opening templates may be fabricated for the requiredsizes. Temp
28、lates may be fabricated from steel bar or othersufficiently rigid materials in the sizes required. For templatesopenings from 5 in. to 16 in. (125 to 400 mm), the openingswill be within 62 % of the size, for templates greater than 16in., the openings will be within 60.25 in. (6.35 mm). Sievesand tem
29、plates should be checked on a regular basis to verifysquareness, straightness, and conformance to opening toler-ances. Hand grips or handles should be considered for ease ofuse. For larger sizes, it has been found useful to fabricatetemplates in the form of a C-shaped caliper representing thesieve o
30、pening and the diagonal of the sieve opening (see Fig.1).6.3 Transport Vehicle, capable of conveying the individualor groups of the individual sorted riprap pieces from thesampling point to the test area, and from the test area to theweighing station. If truck scales are used, the transport vehicles
31、hould be tared prior to and after determination of the masses.6.4 Handling Equipment, such as forklifts, loaders, or likeequipment for sampling, transporting, assisting in the sorting,loading for transport, weighing, and other tasks involved in thephysical performance of the test.NOTE 1The following
32、 figure illustrate typical apparatus that havebeen fabricated for use in these test methods.FIG. 1 Single-Opening Sieve TemplateD55190726.5 Tape Measures for determining particle size dimensionsto estimate mass or determine slab pieces.6.6 Test Area, sufficiently large to allow the placement of thet
33、est sample, areas or bins to place the sorted materials, andadequate to allow trucks, loaders, and other required equipmentto operate safely. The test area should have a smooth surface,preferably of concrete, to provide a suitable work surface andprevent loss of the fines.6.7 Proportional Calipers,
34、fabricated in a sufficient size orsizes for use in determining if pieces meet or exceed dimen-sional ratios to be considered slab pieces (see Fig. 1).6.8 Miscellaneous Equipment, such as spray paints to markpieces, rock hammers, cameras for photo documentation,sample bags, tags or signs, data-record
35、ing forms, heavy workgloves, safety goggles or glasses, respirators or dust masks, andsteel-toed boots or caps, as required for the work.7. Hazards7.1 Performance of these test methods includes the moving,lifting, measurement, and transfer of large pieces of rock. Thispresents the potential for pers
36、onnel injury from crushing,dropped or rolling of the riprap pieces. Whenever possible, thesample should be spread to a single layer depth to reducepersonnel hazard from rolling or falling pieces.7.2 Personnel performing these test methods will be in thevicinity of working heavy equipment and precaut
37、ions shouldbe taken to prevent injury from equipment.7.3 Working with and around the pieces may subject per-sonnel to dust, flying particles, falling pieces, and excessivenoise. Personnel should be adequately equipped and trained inthe use of personal protective equipment.8. Sampling8.1 The precisio
38、n and representativeness of these test meth-ods is directly related to the sampling process. The samplingshould be carefully planned and executed to achieve optimumrepresentativeness. All parties should be involved in theplanning process. The sampling plan should be documentedand included as a part
39、of the final report.8.2 The mass of the total test specimen should be largeenough to ensure a representative gradation and should be suchthat it provides test results to the desired level of accuracy. Oneanalogy is to consider a test specimen size of such size that theaddition or loss of the largest
40、 expected piece will not changethe results by more than a specified percentage.3NOTE 3Example: For a test specimen size to achieve a 1 % accuracy,assume that the largest individual piece mass is expected to be 150 lb (68kg). For this piece to represent less than 1 %, the sample mass would be15 000-l
41、b (6 800-kg) minimum. For this piece to represent less than 5 %accuracy, the sample size would be 3000-lb (1360-kg) minimum.8.3 Take an adequate amount of sample to ensure that theminimum test specimen mass is available, however samplingwill not be to a predetermined exact mass. Composite sampleswil
42、l be allowed only when included in the sample plan.8.4 Composite samples are not recommended, since it ismore difficult to trace the sample source and the product thatthe sample represents. Composite samples may provide someefficiency for Test Method B; but composite samples providelittle advantage
43、in reducing field measurements for Test Meth-ods A and C.8.5 Sampling from the source material will be in accordancewith the sampling plan with the emphasis on obtaining asample representative of the whole in respect to mass, or sizeand shape.8.6 Sample handling should be minimized to avoid unnec-es
44、sary degradation and breakage. For materials that have beensubmerged, allow the sample to freely drain. Moisture contentof riprap samples is considered inconsequential and the samplewill be tested and reported as-found.8.7 Photographs of the sampling process and related activi-ties should be include
45、d in the report.8.8 Select the selection of sieve or template sizes for size ormass range groupings, or both, in accordance with projectneeds but should not be less than four sieve sizes or mass rangegroupings.8.9 It may be desirable to retain the sample after testing toprovide a visual comparison o
46、f a known gradation for quality-control purposes at a later date.NOTE 4Other characteristics, such as soundness by Test MethodD 5240, freeze-thaw resistance by Test Method D 5312, and wetting anddrying resistance by Test Method D 5313 are normally determined prior totesting for size and mass. If the
47、se tests have not been performedpreviously, or if confirmation of the results is desirable, the sampling forthese tests should be included in the sampling plan.9. Procedure9.1 Test Method A:9.1.1 Move the sample to the test location. If truck scalesare available, determine the total sample mass and
48、record. Forsamples that contain large pieces (greater than 12 in. (300 mm)in size), spread the sample in a thin layer.9.1.2 Determine the mass of each piece by placing theparticle on a scale or by use of a hoist-type load cell. Determinethe mass of each particle down to the smallest particle mass of
49、importance.9.1.3 If required, perform secondary sorts and counts of thenumber of pieces, the number of pieces exhibiting angularity(number of fractured faces), and the number of slab-likeshapes.9.1.4 Take photographs to document shape, color, and anyunusual or unique properties of the material under test andinclude in the report.9.1.5 Calculate the percentages in accordance with Section10. Compare and report the total sample mass and thecumulative mass from adding the weight ranges. If the totalsample mass is unavailable, or if the sample storage area is notconducive to gat
