1、Designation: D5747/D5747M 08 (Reapproved 2013)1Standard Practice forTests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance ofGeomembranes to Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5747/D5747M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was editorially corrected in June 2013.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers proc
3、edures for the testing ofgeomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes,prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solidwastes.1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforcedgeomembranes.1.3 This practice is intend
4、ed to be used in conjunction withPractice D5322 or Practice D5496, or both. The scope of thispractice is limited to testing and reporting procedures forunexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond thescope of this practice.1.5 The values stated
5、in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This
6、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary
7、 statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD413 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion to Flex-ible SubstrateD624 Test Method for Tear Stren
8、gth of Conventional Vul-canized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1004 Test Method
9、 for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) ofPlastic Film and SheetingD1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD3417 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalli-zation of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calori
10、metry(DSC) (Withdrawn 2004)3D3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En-thalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers byDifferential Scanning CalorimetryD3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-olefins by Differential Scanning CalorimetryD4437 Practice for Non-destructive
11、 Testing (NDT) for De-termining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining FlexiblePolymeric Sheet GeomembranesD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of FactorySeams Used in Joining Manufactured Flexible SheetGeomembranes (Withdrawn 2008)3D4833/D4833M Test Method
12、 for Index Puncture Resistanceof Geomembranes and Related ProductsD5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsD5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibili
13、ty of Subcommittee D35.02 on EnduranceProperties.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5747 08. DOI:10.1520/D5747_D5747M-08R13E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontac
14、t ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
15、 Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics toLiquidsD5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulusfor Polyethylene GeomembranesD5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Not
16、ched Con-stant Tensile Load TestD5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-theticsE793 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalliza-tion by Differential Scanning CalorimetryE794 Test Method for MeltingAnd Crystallization Tempera-tures By Thermal AnalysisF1251 Terminology Relatin
17、g to Polymeric Biomaterials inMedical and Surgical Devices (Withdrawn 2012)32.2 Government Standard:EPA/600/2-88/052, Lining of Waste Containment and OtherImpoundment Facilities42.3 NSF Standard:NSF Standard 54, Flexible Membrane Liners52.4 FTMS Standard:FTMS 101C, Method 2031 Test Method for Preser
18、vation,Packaging, and Package Materials: Test Procedures63. Terminology3.1 For definitions of general terms used in this practice,refer to Terminology D883 and D4439.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 elastomer, na macromolecular material that returnsrapidly to approximately the initial dimensions and shape afte
19、rsubstantial deformation by a weak stress and release of thestress. (D907)3.2.2 elastomeric, adjhaving the characteristics of anelastomer. (C717)3.2.3 thermoplastic, na plastic that repeatedly can besoftened by heating and hardened by cooling through atemperature range characteristic of the plastic,
20、 and that in thesoftened state can be shaped by flow into articles by moldingor extrusion. (F1251)3.2.4 plasticizer, na substance incorporated into a materialto increase its workability, flexibility, or distensibility. (D883)3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 chemical resistanc
21、e, nfor geosynthetics, the extentto which a material or product retains its as-manufacturedphysical and chemical characteristics when subjected to im-mersion or contact with a foreign substance.3.3.2 coupon, na portion of a material or laboratorysample from which multiple specimens can be taken fort
22、esting.3.3.2.1 DiscussionSee Fig. 1 for the relationship betweensample, coupon, and specimen.3.3.3 fabric-reinforced, adjstructurally reinforced mate-rial made by incorporating geotextile.3.3.4 flood coating, nthe process of placing a layer(s) ofadhesive or polymer on the edges of cut, fabric-reinfo
23、rcedgeomembranes in order to prevent exposure of the fabric to anenvironment.3.3.5 plasticized, adjhaving had a plasticizer added.3.3.6 semi-crystalline, na solid that contains a mixture ofboth crystalline and amorphous regions.3.3.7 tensile set, nrepresents residual deformation whichis partly perma
24、nent and partly recoverable after stretching andretraction.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice defines test methods and procedures forevaluating the resistance of geomembranes to liquid exposureby monitoring physical and chemical properties of geomem-brane coupons immersed in a test liquid. The
25、physical condi-tion of the geomembrane is monitored as a function ofcumulative exposure time by means of dimensionalmeasurements, and physical and chemical property tests.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standardprocedures for test programs investigating the
26、chemical resis-tance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, orchemical. This practice should be used in the absence of otherspecifications required for the particular situation being ad-dressed.5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not aquantifiable term. This practice is in
27、tended to provide a basis ofstandardization for those wishing to compare or investigate thechemical resistance of a geomembrane. It should be recognized4Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5301 ShawneeRd., Alexandria, VA 22312, http:/www.ntis.gov, PB-89-129670.5Available fr
28、om NSF International, P.O. Box 130140, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., AnnArbor, MI 48113-0140, http:/www.nsf.org.6Available from IHS, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112, http:/. FIG. 1 Chemical Resistance of GeomembranesD5747/D5747M 08 (2013)12that chemical resistance is a user judgement evaluation and
29、 thatthis practice does not offer procedures for interpreting theresults obtained from test procedures contained in this practice.As a practice, this does not produce a test result.NOTE 1This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment ofgeomembranes and is written in parallel to similar stan
30、dard practices forgeotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners.Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic underinvestigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the poten-tially harsh chemical environment under consideration.6. Apparat
31、us6.1 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to an accuracyof 0.001 g.6.2 Dead Weight Micrometer(s), meeting the requirementsof Test Methods D638, D751,orD5199, or combinationthereof, capable of measuring thicknesses to an accuracy of0.0025 mm 0.0001 in.6.3 Air Circulating Oven, capable of maintain
32、ing a tempera-ture of 105 6 2C.6.4 All other required equipment is specified in the refer-enced test method standards. Refer to the appropriate standardsfor a description of the apparatus necessary to perform thosetests.7. Hazards7.1 WarningThe solutions used in this practice maycontain hazardous ch
33、emicals. Appropriate precautions must betaken when handling hazardous waste, chemicals, and theimmersion solutions. Protective equipment suitable for thechemicals being used must be worn by all personnel handlingor exposed to the chemicals. Particular care should be takenwhen opening storage vessels
34、 at elevated temperatures due tothe increased volatility of organics and the increased activity ofacids and bases. Care must also be taken to prevent the spillingof hazardous materials and provisions must be made to cleanup any accidental spills which do occur.8. Sampling8.1 Determine the number and
35、 dimensions of the testspecimens according to the requirements of the dimensionalmeasurements and physical/chemical property tests to beperformed, the duration of the immersion, and the number oftest intervals.8.2 Sample in accordance with the respective test methodsselected.8.3 Cut the geomembrane
36、coupons so that they are repre-sentative of the geomembrane being evaluated. Discard cou-pons that contain scratches or other imperfections that mightaffect the test results.NOTE 2Since rate of leachate absorption is a function of thickness andcan have an impact on the test results, the geomembrane
37、coupons shouldbe as close in thickness as possible.8.4 Mix the selected coupons in a random fashion and thenre-select coupons for the immersion and baseline testing.8.5 Cut individual test specimens for thickness, weight, andvolatile loss measurements. Specimens may be of any size forwhich accurate
38、and repeatable measurements can be made. Cutspecimens from sheet stock using a die to ensure consistency ofdimensions.NOTE 3Circular specimens 7.98 cm23.14 in.2 have been found to besatisfactory for thickness, weight, and volatile loss measurements. Thesame individual specimen may be used for thickn
39、ess, weight, and volatileloss measurements if desired.9. Conditioning9.1 ConditioningCondition samples at 21 6 2C 70 64F and a relative humidity between 50 and 70 % for not lessthan 40 h prior to weighing or baseline testing and immersion,or combination thereof.10. Procedure10.1 Immerse the geomembr
40、ane in the test solution asspecified in Practice D5322 or Practice D5496, or both.10.2 Immerse a sufficient number of coupons to perform therequired testing for each of the immersion periods.10.3 Immerse additional pieces of geomembrane for weightchanges, thickness changes, and volatile loss for eac
41、h immer-sion period. Record the weight of the specimens to an accuracyof at least 0.1 % of the specimens weight. Record thethickness of the specimens to an accuracy of 0.0025 mm0.0001 in.10.4 Remove a sufficient number of coupons at the pre-scribed test period for the required testing. Rinse each co
42、uponwith deionized water and blot dry with water-absorbent,lint-free paper towels to remove any visible liquid or solidresidue on the coupon surface. Allow elevated temperaturecoupons to cool to room temperature in a sample of immersionfluid. Store coupons in an airtight container or bag with as lit
43、tleair as possible when not being used or tested in order tominimize moisture or volatile loss, or both. Keep cut speci-mens in an airtight container between tests.10.5 The tests to be performed on the geomembrane arelisted in Sections 11 through 20 for each of the four types ofgeomembranes addresse
44、d by this practice. The tests consist ofrequired testing to be done on the geomembrane and recom-mended testing to be performed at the discretion of the user.Conduct recommended tests whenever possible as this datawill aid in the interpretation of the final test results.All the testsshould be comple
45、ted on the unexposed geomembrane as wellas on the exposed material after each test period. Test twice asmany specimens as listed below on the unexposed material inorder to increase precision of baseline data.10.6 Testing (except the extractables test) of the materialexposed to the leachate must be d
46、one within 24 h of removalfrom the test solution.11. Required Testing, All Geomembranes11.1 Weight ChangeAfter each period, remove three pre-weighed pieces of geomembrane from the liquid, quickly blotdry with water-absorbent, lint-free paper towels any visibleliquid or solid residue on the specimen
47、surface, and weigh tothe nearest 0.001 g. Calculate the percent weight change to thenearest 0.1 %.D5747/D5747M 08 (2013)13NOTE 4Extra care should be taken to completely dry textured surfacesto avoid an apparent increase in weight caused by residual surfacemoisture.11.2 Dimension ChangesMeasure thick
48、ness as directed inTest Methods D751, D638,orD5199 to the nearest 0.0025 mm0.0001 in. at three locations near the center of the pieces ofgeomembrane used for weight changes before and after im-mersion. Measure length and width (machine and transversedirections) at two locations on the sheets of geom
49、embrane usedfor the physical testing before and after immersion. Calculatepercent changes to the nearest 0.1 %.11.3 Volatile LossDry the pieces of geomembrane fromthe weight changes at 105 6 2C for 24 h and then weigh to thenearest 0.001 g. Calculate the percent volatiles to the nearest0.1 %.11.4 Visual ObservationsDescribe the samples before andafter immersion. Visual appearance can help in the interpreta-tion of the data and may explain anomalous test results.Appearance items to be considered may include change
