1、考研英语模拟试卷 168及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English, for they are used to thinking of the British Isles a
2、s England. (1)_, the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of England call themselves English. The others (2)_ to themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish, (3)_ the ease may be; they are often slightly annoyed (4)_ being classified as “English“. Even in England there are man
3、y (5)_ in regional character and speech. The chief (6)_ is between southern England and northern England. South of a (7)_ going from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students, (8)_ there are local variations. Further north regional speech is usually “(9)_
4、“ than that of southern Britain. Northerners are (10)_ to claim that they work harder than Southerners, and are more (11)_. They are open-hearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them (12)_. Northerners generally have hearty (13)_: the visitor to Lancashire or Yorksh
5、ire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generous (14)_ at meal times. In accent and character the people of the Midlands (15)_ a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman. In Scotland the sound (16)_ by the letter “R“ is generally a strong sound, and “R“ is often p
6、ronounced in words in which it would be (17)_ in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious, thrifty people, (18)_ inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequently (19)_ as being more “fiery(暴躁的，易怒的 )“ than the En
7、glish. They are (20)_ a race that is quite distinct from the English. （ A） In consequence （ B） In brief （ C） In general （ D） In fact （ A） confine （ B） attach （ C） refer （ D） add （ A） as （ B） which （ C） for （ D） so （ A） with （ B） by （ C） at （ D） for （ A） similarities （ B） differences （ C） certainties
8、 （ D） features （ A） factor （ B） virtue （ C） privilege （ D） division （ A） line （ B） row （ C） border （ D） scale （ A） who （ B） when （ C） though （ D） for （ A） wider （ B） broader （ C） rarer （ D） scarcer （ A） used （ B） apt （ C） possible （ D） probable （ A） perfect （ B） notorious （ C） superior （ D） thorough
9、 （ A） swiftly （ B） promptly （ C） immediately （ D） quickly （ A） appetites （ B） tastes （ C） interests （ D） senses （ A） helpings （ B） offerings （ C） fillings （ D） findings （ A） designate （ B） demonstrate （ C） represent （ D） reckon （ A） delivered （ B） denoted （ C） depicted （ D） defined （ A） quiet （ B） o
10、bscure （ C） faint （ D） silent （ A） rather （ B） still （ C） somehow （ D） even （ A） rendered （ B） thought （ C） impressed （ D） described （ A） with （ B） of （ C） among （ D） against Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
11、21 When Dr. John W. Gofman, professor of medical physics at the University of California and a leading nuclear critic, speaks of “ecocide in his adversary view of nuclear technology, he means the following: A large nuclear plant like that in Kalkar, the Netherlands, would produce about 200 pounds of
12、 plutonium each year. One pound, released into the atmosphere, could cause 9 billion cases of lung cancer. This waste product must be stored for 500,000 years before it is of no further danger to man. In the anticipated reactor economy, it is estimated that there will be 10,000 tons of this material
13、 in western Europe, of which one table spoonful of plutonium 239 represents the official maximum permissible body burden for 200,000 people. Rather than being biodegradable, plutonium destroys biological properties. In 1972 the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ruled that the asbest
14、os level in the work place should be lowered to 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air, but the effective date of the ruling has been delayed until now. The International Federation of Chemical and General Workers Unions report that the 2-fiber standard was based primarily on one study of 290 men at a
15、 British asbestos factory. But when the workers at the British factory had been reexamined by another physician, 40-70 percent had X-ray evidence of lung abnormalities. According to present medical information at the factory in question, out of a total of 29 deaths thus far, seven were caused by lun
16、g cancer. An average European or American worker comes into contact with six million fibers a day. “We are now, in fact, finding cancer deaths within the family of the asbestos worker,“ states Dr. Irving Selikoff, of the Mount Sinai Medical School in New York. It is now also clear that vinyl chlorid
17、e, a gas from which the most widely used plastics are made, causes a fatal cancer of the blood-vessel ceils of the liver. However, the history of the research on vinyl chloride is, in some ways, more disturbing than the “Watergate cover-up“. “There has been evidence of potentially serious disease am
18、ong polyvinyl chloride workers for 25 years that has been incompletely appreciated and inadequately approached by medical scientists and by regulatory authorities,“ summed up Dr. Selikoff in the New Scientist. At least 17 workers have been killed by vinyl chloride because research over the past 25 y
19、ears was not followed up. And for over 10 years, workers have been exposed to concentrations of vinyl chloride 10 times the “safe limit“ imposed by Dow Chemical Company. Notes: plutonium 钚 asbestos 石棉 polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯 21 By the author “ecocide“ most probably means （ A） waste utilization. （ B）
20、 ecological balance. （ C） radioactive reaction. （ D） massive bio destruction. 22 According to the text, the author mentions plutonium in paragraph 1 to （ A） estimate the amount of nuclear material in Europe. （ B） exemplify one of the possible causes of lung cancer. （ C） highlight the measures needed
21、 to prevent lung cancer. （ D） show the destructive properties of industrial waste materials. 23 The style of the second paragraph is mainly （ A） factual. （ B） sarcastic. （ C） emotional. （ D） argumentative. 24 According to paragraph 3, some workers have been killed by harmful pollutants in that （ A）
22、production could not be halted. （ B） they failed take safety measures. （ C） research was not pursued to a solution. （ D） safety equipment was not adequately provided. 25 It can be inferred from the text that the author believes that （ A） nationwide application of anti-pollution devices can finally p
23、revent cancer. （ B） tough legislation is needed to set lower limits of worker exposure to harmful chemicals. （ C） more research is required into the causes of cancer before further progress can be made. （ D） industrialization must be slowed down to prevent further spread of cancer-causing agents. 26
24、 An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and a
25、mbulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger. It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions such an important i
26、ssue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 per cent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in
27、the United States. For historical reasons, Britains unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedure for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve. There ar
28、e considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for s
29、killed trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members disappointing jobs
30、 to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs. Trade unions have problems of internal communic
31、ation just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade u
32、nion officials have to work with a system of “shop stewards“ in many unions, “shop stewards“ being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level. 26 Why is the interdependence of the UK economy mentioned in paragraph 1? （ A） To point up the importance of the tra
33、de union power. （ B） To outline in brief the great scale of essential services. （ C） To illustrate the danger in the whole economic system. （ D） To bring out a centralized and concentrated industrial society. 27 Because of their out-of-date organization some unions find it difficult to （ A） recruit
34、new members to join. （ B） remold themselves as industries change. （ C） adapt to advancing technologies. （ D） bargain for high enough wages. 28 Disagreements arise between unions because some of them （ A） take over other unions jobs. （ B） try to win over members of other unions. （ C） protect their ow
35、n members at the expense of others. （ D） intend to represent workers in new trade organizations. 29 What basic problem are we told most trade unions face? （ A） They are equal in size of influence. （ B） They are less powerful than ever before. （ C） They dont have enough members. （ D） They are not org
36、anized efficiently. 30 The title which best expresses the idea of the text would be （ A） British Trade Unions and Their Drawbacks. （ B） A Centralized and Concentrated Society. （ C） The Power of Trade Unions in Britain. （ D） The Structure of British Trade Unions. 31 Is the literary critic like the po
37、et, responding creatively, intuitively, subjectively to the written word as the poet responds to human experience? Or is the critic more like a scientist, following a series of demonstrable, verifiable steps, using an objective method of analysis? For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist lite
38、rary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will provoke special risks whichever side of the issue it favors. If she defines feminist crit
39、icism as objective and scientific a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman, can perform the definition not only makes the critic-as-artist approach impossible, but may also hinder accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the
40、 academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles. If she defines feminist criticism as creative and intuitive, privileged as art, then her work becomes vulnerable to the prejudices of stereotypic ideas about the ways in which women think, and will be dismissed by much of the acad
41、emic establishment. Because of these prejudices, women who use an intuitive approach in their criticism may find themselves charged with inability to be analytical, to be objective, or to think critically. Whereas men may be free to claim the role of critic-as-artist, women run different professiona
42、l risks when they choose intuition and private experience as critical method and defense. These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle, in which the
43、 careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our
44、 society. As long as the academic establishment continues to regard objective analysis as “masculine“ and an intuitive approach as “feminine,“ the theoretician must steer a delicate philosophical course between the two. If she wishes to construct a theory of feminist criticism, she would be well adv
45、ised to place it within the framework of a general theory of the critical process that is neither purely objective nor purely intuitive. Her theory is then more likely to be compared and contrasted with other theories of criticism with some degree of dispassionate distance. 31 Which of the following
46、 titles best summarizes the content of the text? （ A） How Theories of Literary Criticism Can Best Be Used （ B） Problems Confronting Women Who Are Feminist Literary Critics （ C） A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism （ D） Literary Criticism: Art or Science? 32 According to the author, t
47、he debate has special significance for the woman who is a theoretician of feminist literary criticism because （ A） women who are literary critics face professional risks different from those faced by men who are literary critics. （ B） there are large numbers of capable women working within the acade
48、mic establishment. （ C） there are a few powerful feminist critics who have been recognized by the academic establishment. （ D） like other critics, most women who are literary critics define criticism as either scientific or artistic. 33 The author specifically mentions all of the following as diffic
49、ulties that particularly affect women who are theoreticians of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT the （ A） tendency of a predominantly male academic establishment to form preconceptions about women. （ B） limitations that are imposed when criticism is defined as objective and scientific. （ C） likelihood that the work of a woman theoretician who claims the privilege of art will be viewed with prejudice by some academics. （ D） tendency of members of the academic establishment to treat all forms of
