1、Designation: D 5955 02 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Methods forEstimating Contribution of Environmental Tobacco Smoketo Respirable Suspended Particles Based on UVPM andFPM1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5955; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods pertain to the sampling/analysis of
3、respirable suspended particles (RSP) and the estimation of theRSP fraction attributable to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS). These test methods are based on collection of total RSPon a membrane filter, extracting the collected material inmethanol, and measuring total ultraviolet absorbance or fluo-r
4、escence, or both, of this extract. The corresponding methodsof estimation are termed ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM)and fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), respectively.1.2 These test methods are compatible with, but do notrequire the determination of solanesol, which is also used toestimate
5、 the contribution of ETS to RSP (see Test MethodD 6271).1.3 The sampling components consist of a preweighed,1.0-m pore size polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranefilter in a filter cassette connected on the inlet end to a particlesize separating device and, on the outlet end, to a samplingpump. The
6、se test methods are applicable to personal and areasampling.1.4 These test methods are limited in sample duration onlyby the capacity of the membrane filter (about 2000 g). Thesetest methods have been evaluated up to a 24-h sample durationwith a minimum sample duration of at least 1 h.1.5 Limits of
7、detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) forthe UVPM test method at a sampling rate of 2 L/min are,respectively, 2.5 g/m3and 8.3 g/m3for a 1-h sample durationand 0.3 g/m3and 1.0 g/m3for an 8-h sample duration. TheLOD and LOQ for the FPM test method at a sampling rate of2 L/min are, respectively, 1.4 g
8、/m3and 4.7 g/m3for a 1-hsample duration and 0.2 g/m3and 0.6 g/m3for an 8-h sampleduration.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
9、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary information is given in 13.6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospher
10、esD 1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD 3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface AtmosphericPressureD 5337 Practice for Flow Rate Calibration of PersonalSampling PumpsD 6271 Test Method for Estimating Contribution of Envi-ronmental Tobacco Smoke to Respirable Suspended P
11、ar-ticles Based on Solanesol3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer to Terminology D 1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)an aged, dilutecomposite of exhaled tobacco smoke (exhaled mainstreamsmok
12、e) and smoke from tobacco products (sidestream smoke).3.2.2 environmental tobacco smoke particulate matter(ETS-PM)the particulate phase of ETS.3.2.3 fluorescent particulate matter (FPM)an estimationof the contribution of ETS particulate matter to RSP obtainedby comparing the fluorescence intensity o
13、f the RSP sample tothat of a surrogate standard.3.2.4 respirable suspended particles (RSP)particleswhich, when captured by a size-selective sampling device,conform to a collection efficiency curve with a median cutpointat an aerodynamic diameter of 4.0 m (1).31These test methods are under the jurisd
14、iction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5955 - 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the A
15、STM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyrig
16、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.5 surrogate standarda chemical whose concentrationhas been related quantitatively to a known concentration ofETS-PM.3.2.6 2,28,4,48-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (THBP)aUVPM surrogate standard.3
17、.2.7 ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM)an estimationof the contribution of ETS particulate matter to RSP obtainedby comparing the ultraviolet absorbance of the RSP sample tothat of a surrogate standard.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 A known volume of air is drawn through an inertialimpactor or cyc
18、lone assembly separating at 4.0 m to separateRSP from total suspended particulate matter and then througha filter assembly. The respirable suspended particulate matter iscollected on a PTFE membrane filter contained within the filterassembly.4.2 The weight of RSP is determined as the differencebetwe
19、en the filter weight before and after collection. Theconcentration of RSP (g/m3) is calculated from the RSPweight and volume of air sampled.4.3 The filter is extracted with methanol in a 4-mL glassvial.4.4 An aliquot of the extract is injected into a columnlesshigh performance liquid chromatography
20、(HPLC) systemequipped with an ultraviolet detector (325 nm) and a fluores-cence detector (300-nm excitation; 420-nm emission) con-nected in series. (Alternatively, absorbance and fluorescencemay be measured with bench-top spectrophotometers.)4.5 The area of the resulting UV peak is compared to areas
21、obtained from the injection of standard solutions of THBP (asurrogate standard for ETS-PM). The area of the resultingfluorescence peak is compared to areas obtained from theinjection of standard solutions of scopoletin (a surrogatestandard for ETS-PM). The results, which are estimates of thecontribu
22、tion of ETS-PM to RSP, are reported as UVPM andFPM, respectively.5. Significance and Use5.1 Environmental tobacco smoke consists of both vapor-and particle-phase components. Due to the nature of vapor andparticulate phases, they rarely correlate well, and an accurateassessment of ETS levels in indoo
23、r air requires determininggood tracers of both phases. Among the attributes of an idealETS tracer, one critical characteristic is that the tracer should“remain in a fairly consistent ratio to the individual contami-nant of interest or category of contaminants of interest (forexample, suspended parti
24、culates) under a range of environmen-tal conditions.” (2). The UVPM and FPM fulfill this require-ment, staying in a constant ratio to RSP from tobacco smokeunder a variety of ventilation conditions and sampling dura-tions. Solanesol (a C45isoprenoid alcohol specific to tobacco),determined in accorda
25、nce with Test Method D 6271,isanETStracer or marker that also meets this requirement. In contrast,nicotine (a component of the ETS vapor phase) does notremain in a consistent ratio to ETS-PM (3).5.2 To be able to quantify the contribution of ETS to RSP isimportant because RSP is not specific to toba
26、cco smoke. TheRSP are a necessary indicator of overall air quality; theOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) haspreviously set a PEL (permissible exposure level) for respi-rable dust in the workplace of 5000 g/m3. However, the RSPemanate from numerous sources (4) and have been shown t
27、o bean inappropriate tracer of ETS (5-13). In the test methodsdescribed herein, UVPM and FPM are used as more selectivemarkers to estimate more accurately the contribution of ETS toRSP (5-7, 9-18). Of the available ETS particulate phasemarkers (UVPM, FPM, and solanesol), all are currently usedand re
28、lied upon in investigations of indoor air quality, althoughUVPM and FPM can overestimate the contribution of tobaccosmoke to RSP due to potential interference from nontobaccocombustion sources. Solanesol, because it is tobacco-specificand ETS particle phase-specific, may be the best indicator ofthe
29、ETS particulate phase contribution to RSP (9-13, 19-21).Refer to Test Method D 6271 for the protocol on determiningsolanesol.6. Interferences6.1 Because the measured spectral properties are not uniqueto ETS-PM, these test methods will always be a conservativemeasure of (that is, they overestimate) t
30、he contribution of ETSto indoor RSP. Combustion sources are known to add signifi-cantly to the UVPM measure (19); FPM is considered to beless prone to, but not free from, interferences. Due to thepotential presence of unquantifiable interferences, these testmethods provide only an indication of, and
31、 not the absolutelevel of, the contribution of ETS to indoor RSP.7. Apparatus7.1 Sample Collection:7.1.1 PTFE Filter, membrane filter with 1.0-m pore sizeand 37-mm diameter. The PTFE membrane is bonded to a highdensity polyethylene support net, referred to as the filterbacking, to improve durability
32、 and handling ease.7.1.2 Filter Sampling Assembly, consists of the PTFE mem-brane filter and a black, opaque, conductive polypropylenefilter cassette in a three-piece configuration with a 0.5-in.spacer ring inserted between the top (inlet) and bottom (outlet)pieces. All connections to the filter ass
33、embly are made withflexible (for example, plastic) tubing.7.1.3 Barometer and Thermometer, for taking pressure andtemperature readings at the sampling site.7.1.4 Bubble Flowmeter or Mass Flowmeter, for calibrationof the sampling pump.7.1.5 Personal Sampling Pump, portable constant-flow airsampling p
34、ump calibrated for a flow rate dependent upon theseparating characteristics of the impactor or cyclone in use (see7.1.6).7.1.6 Inertial Impactor or Cyclone, with nominal cutpointof 4.0 m at the specified flow rate.NOTE 1If alternate definition of RSP is used (see 3.2.4), ensure thatthe impactor or c
35、yclone is compatible with this definition.7.1.7 Stopcock Grease, for coating impactor plates.7.2 Analytical System:7.2.1 Liquid Chromatography System, consists of HPLCpump, autosampler, ultraviolet detector, fluorescence detector,peak integration system, and 10-ft stainless steel tubing withD 5955 0
36、2 (2007)20.009-in. inside diameter. Note that no HPLC analyticalcolumn is used. If this analysis is attempted using an ultravioletspectrophotometer, a cell with a path length of at least 40 mmis recommended.7.2.2 Sample Containers, low-actinic borosilicate glass au-tosampler vials, 4-mL capacity, wi
37、th screw caps and PTFE-lined septa.7.2.3 Microgram Balance, for weighing filters. (Readabil-ity = 1 g or lower.)7.2.4 Filter Forceps, for handling filters.7.2.5 Static Inhibitor, for removing static charge from filters.7.2.6 Wrist-action Shaking Device, for solvent extraction.8. Reagents and Materia
38、ls8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available. Other grades may be use
39、d,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.8.2 Methanol, HPLC grade, (CAS No. 67-56-1).8.3 2,28,4,48-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 99 %, (CAS No.131-55-5), UVPM surrogate standard.8.4 Scopoletin,
40、95 %, (CAS No. 92-61-5), FPM surrogatestandard.8.5 Glycerol, 99.5 %, (CAS No. 56-81-5).8.6 Water, distilled and deionized, (CAS No. 7732-18-5).8.7 Helium, 99.995 %, (CAS No. 7440-59-7), for continu-ous purging of methanol mobile phase.9. Sampling9.1 GeneralFor planning sampling programs, refer toPra
41、ctice D 1357.9.2 Procedure:9.2.1 Adjust the potentiometer on the sampling pump toobtain the flow rate specified for the particular type of inertialimpactor or cyclone being used (see 7.1.6).9.2.2 Calibrate the personal sampling pump prior to andimmediately after sampling. For calibration, connect th
42、e flow-meter to the inlet of the inertial impactor or cyclone. Measureflow with the prepared filter sampling assembly in placebetween the pump and the impactor or cyclone. Refer toPractice D 5337 for standard practice in calibrating personalsampling pumps.9.2.3 Record the barometric pressure and amb
43、ient tempera-ture.9.2.4 If using a mass flowmeter, record the volumetric flowrate, Q, of the sampling pump. Generate several soap-filmbubbles in the flowmeter and allow them to thoroughly wet thesurface before recording any actual measurements. Measurethe time for a soap-film bubble to travel a know
44、n volume witha stopwatch. Obtain five replicate measurements and computethe mean time. Calculate the volumetric flow rate, Q, from Eq1:Q 5VR(1)where:Q = pump flow rate, L/min,V = volume measured with flowmeter, L, andR = average time for soap-film bubble to flow a knownvolume (V) in a flowmeter, min
45、.9.2.5 With the prepared filter sampling assembly correctlyinserted and positioned between the impactor or cyclone andthe pump, turn on the pump power switch to begin sampling;record the start time.NOTE 2Most pumps have microprocessing capabilities or built-inelapsed time meters, or both, for preset
46、 sampling periods.9.2.6 Record the temperature and barometric pressure of theatmosphere being sampled.9.2.7 Acquire samples at the flow rate required for theimpactor or cyclone in use (see 7.1.6), for a minimum time of1 h. Turn off the pump at the end of the desired sampling periodand record the tim
47、e elapsed during sample collection.9.2.8 Recheck the flow rate of the pump again after sam-pling and use the average flow rate (mean of before and aftersampling) in later calculations.9.2.9 Immediately remove the filter cassette containing thesample collected on the membrane filter from the sampling
48、system and seal the inlet and outlet ports of the filter cassettewith plastic plugs.9.2.10 Treat a minimum of six prepared filter samplingassemblies in the same manner as the samples (remove plugs,measure flow, replace plugs, and transport). Label and processthese filters as field blanks.9.2.11 Stor
49、e all filter cassettes containing the samples in afreezer or under dry ice and transport frozen to the laboratoryfor analysis.NOTE 3If the samples are not prepared and analyzed immediately,then store them at -10C or less. Analyze all the filters within six weeksafter sample collection. It has been established that samples are stable forat least six weeks at -10C storage conditions. (22)10. Analysis10.1 System Description:10.1.1 Perform analysis using a columnless HPLC systemequipped with an ultraviolet (UV) detector (for UVPM) or afluorescence detector (
