1、Designation: D 6074 99 (Reapproved 2005)An American National StandardStandard Guide forCharacterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6074; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide is generated in response to a request from automobile manufacturers that ASTMCommit
3、tee D02 develop a standard for re-refined base oils. As the document evolved through theconsensus process, it was agreed that it would be appropriate to present this information as aneducational guide and to include base oils from various refining processes, including both re-refiningof used oils an
4、d refining of crude oils.This guide represents the first step in better describing important parameters of lubricant base oilsaffecting lubricant performance and safe handling. Tests have been identified to characterize thecomposition and performance of base oils in addition to verifying their consi
5、stency. Undesirablecomponents have also been identified, with a range of typical levels. These are not limits.This guide does not intend to cover all base oil viscosity grades. However, it does cover the majorityof viscosities that would be used in both automotive and industrial oil formulations.1.
6、Scope1.1 This guide suggests physical, chemical, and toxicologi-cal test methods for characterizing hydrocarbon lubricant baseoils derived from various refining processes including re-refining used oils and refining crude oil. This guide does notpurport to cover all tests which could be employed. It
7、 is theresponsibility of the buyer and seller to determine and agreeupon the implementation of this guide.1.2 This guide applies only to base oils and not to finishedlubricants.1.3 This guide is relevant to base oils composed of hydro-carbons and intended for use in formulating products includingaut
8、omotive and industrial lubricants. These base oils wouldtypically have a viscosity of approximately 2 to 40 mm2/s (cSt)at 100C (50 to 3740 SUS at 100F).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of thi
9、s standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of LubricatingOilsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cu
10、p TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 189 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and the
11、Calculation of DynamicViscosity)D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD 974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD 1298 Practice for Density, Relative Density (S
12、pecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer Method1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.P0 onRecycled Petroleum Products.Current edition ap
13、proved May 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 6074-99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refe
14、r to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 1401 Test Method for Water Separability of PetroleumOils and Synthetic FluidsD 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum
15、 Prod-ucts (ASTM Color Scale)D 1744 Test Method for Water in Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Karl Fischer Reagent3D 2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in RubberExtender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromato-graphic MethodD 2270 Practice for Ca
16、lculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and 100CD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD 2896 Test Method for Base Number
17、 of Petroleum Prod-ucts by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid TitrationD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sam
18、pling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4059 Test Method forAnalysis of Polychlorinated Biphe-nyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas ChromatographyD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4291 Test Method for Trace Ethylene Glycol in UsedEngine OilD 4294 Test Method
19、for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD 4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue(Micro Method)D 4628 Test Method for Analysis of Barium, Calcium,Magnesium, and Zinc in Unused Lubricating Oils byAtomic Absorption SpectrometryD 4
20、629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petro-leum Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combus-tion and Chemiluminescence DetectionD 4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination byPotentiometric TitrationD 4927 Test Methods for Elemental Analysis of Lubricantand Additive ComponentsBarium,
21、Calcium, Phospho-rus, Sulfur, and Zinc by Wavelength-Dispersive X-rayFluorescence SpectroscopyD 4929 Test Methods for Determination of Organic Chlo-ride Content in Crude OilD 4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments in Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spe
22、ctrometryD 5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricat-ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in BaseOils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic EmissionSpectrometry (ICPAES)D 5480 Test Method for Motor Oil Volatility by Gas Chro-ma
23、tography3E 1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Poten-tial of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids2.2 Government Standard:EPA8120, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by GC/MS, EPA SW-84642.3 Other Standards:IP 346, Polycyclic Aromatics and Other Species in Petro-leum Fractions by Dimethyl Sulfoxid
24、eRefractive IndexMethod5CEC L-40-A-93 Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Oils(NOACK)6JPI-5S-41-93, Method B, Determination of EvaporationLoss of Engine Oils (Unified NOACK)729 CFR Part 1910 Hazard Communication; InterpretationRegarding Lubricity Oils, Federal Register, Part 50 (245),pp. 51825185.83. Te
25、rminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definition of standard terms used inthis guide, see Terminology D 4175 or ASTM Dictionary ofEngineering Science and Technology.3.1.1 base oil, na base stock or a blend of two or morebase stocks used to produce finished lubricants, usually incombination with additives.3.1.
26、2 base stock, na hydrocarbon lubricant component,other than an additive, that is produced by a single manufac-turer to the same specifications (independent of feed source ormanufacturers location), and that is identified by a uniqueformula number or product identification number, or both.3.1.3 guide
27、, na series of options or instructions that do notrecommend a specific course of action.3.1.3.1 DiscussionWhereas a practice describes a generalusage principle, a guide only suggests an approach. Thepurpose of a guide is to offer guidance, based on a consensusof viewpoints, but not to establish a fi
28、xed procedure.Aguide isintended to increase the awareness of the user to availabletechniques in a given subject area and to provide informationfrom which subsequent evaluation and standardization can bederived.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide suggests a listing of properties and potentialcontaminan
29、ts whose determination may be important for a3Withdrawn.4U.S. EPA, “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical,”SW-846. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.5Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related
30、 Products,Vol 2. Available from Energy Institute, London, 61 New Cavendish St., W.I.,England.6Available from Commission of the European Communities, Rue De La Loi,B-1049B Rux Elles, Belgium.7Available from Japanese Petroleum Institute, Keidanren Kaikan, 9-4 Ohte-machi 1-Chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo.8Ava
31、ilable from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.D 6074 99 (2005)2hydrocarbon base oil due to performance, regulatory, or otherconsiderations. Specific application issues such as frequency oftesting and the use of other test methods are addressed only ina
32、 qualitative manner.5. Significance and Use5.1 The consistent performance of hydrocarbon lubricantbase oils is a critical factor in a wide variety of applicationssuch as engine oils, industrial lubricants, and metalworkingfluids. In addition, in many of these applications humans areexposed to the ba
33、se oils as a component of a formulatedproduct such that health or safety considerations may need tobe addressed. This guide suggests a compilation of propertiesand potential contaminants that are understood by thoseknowledgeable in the manufacture and use of hydrocarbonlubricants to be of significan
34、ce in some or all applications. Adiscussion of each of the suggested properties and potentialcontaminants is provided in Appendix X1, with each listedalphabetically within four categories.5.2 Potential sources of base oil variation include the rawmaterial, manufacturing process, operating conditions
35、, storage,transportation, and blending.5.3 The test methods, base oil properties, and potentialcontaminants suggested are those that would likely be useful inmany common situations, although it is recognized that thereare specific applications and situations that could have differentrequirements. Pe
36、rformance testing related to the specific appli-cation should serve as the basis for acceptability.5.4 Issues such as frequency of testing and the specifics ofhow the test results are to be applied are not addressed in detail.It is the responsibility of the buyer and seller to determine andagree upo
37、n the implementation of this guide. This guide servesas a basis for that discussion.6. Sampling6.1 Sampling of base oils may be required as part of thebuyer/seller arrangement. If a sampling program is required,sampling in accordance with Practice D 4057 or a suitablealternative may be employed.7. P
38、rocedure7.1 Application of Guide:7.1.1 This guide applies only to hydrocarbon lubricant baseoils. Base oils containing detectable levels of esters, animalfats, vegetable oils, or other materials used as, or blended into,lubricants are not covered by this guide.7.1.2 The frequency and extent of testi
39、ng is to be deter-mined based upon need. A property that can be shown to haveminimal variation with time, a potential contaminant that canbe shown to be consistently absent or at levels below concern,or a toxicological property that is shown to be satisfactory mayjustify infrequent testing or no add
40、itional testing. In such cases,reporting of typical expected values may be acceptable.7.1.3 Some of the measurements could be performed on theindividual base stocks, and then, knowing the test results andthe proportions of the base stock components in the base oil,test values can be calculated. Simi
41、larly, laboratory blends ofbase stocks in appropriate ratios could substitute for actualstream samples when sampling is not practical. This procedureshould be negotiated between the base oil buyer and the seller.7.1.4 The test methods suggested are not an exhaustive list.Many nonstandardized methods
42、 are being used in the petro-leum industry, such as high-performance liquid chromatogra-phy (HPLC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), andthin layer chromatography (TLC) methods for the determina-tion of saturates content. Further, there are more complex testsavailable for some properties tha
43、t might give equivalent orsuperior information. For example, estimates of dermal carci-nogenic potential can be obtained from screener tests, such asTest Method E 1687 or IP 346, but the Chronic AnimalBioassay Analysis (that is, mouse skin painting assay) repre-sents the definitive test for the dete
44、rmination of carcinogenicityhazard of base oils.NOTE 1Local legislative and regulatory requirements may also applywhen selecting the tests to be run.7.1.5 Some of the physical, compositional, and contaminanttest methods cited in Table 1 and Table 2 are utilized outside oftheir published scopes. If t
45、his is the case, there typically is noother more appropriate method, and industry experience hasshown the test method to give acceptable results.7.1.6 If the test method is a modification to an accepted testmethod, it should be identified when providing information ona base oil (for example, DXXXX M
46、od.).7.2 Properties and Potential Contaminants:7.2.1 The following tables contain suggested properties,potential contaminants, and commonly used test methods thatone might want to include in a base oil evaluation.7.2.2 Table 1 includes physical and compositional proper-ties and test methods only.7.2
47、.3 Table 2 includes parameters that may relate to poten-tial contaminants and to toxicological properties. Typical levelswere compiled through a survey of base oil producers. Forfurther details, see Research Report RR: D02-1416.97.2.4 A discussion of the significance of each property isprovided in A
48、ppendix X1.8. Keywords8.1 base oil; base stock; hydrocarbon; lubricants; oil9Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1416.D 6074 99 (2005)3TABLE 1 Suggested Physical and Compositional Property TestMethods for Lubrica
49、nt Base OilsA,BProperty Test MethodPhysical propertiesAppearanceCColor D 1500Density at 15C, kg/m3D 1298, D 4052Flash point, C D92Kinematic viscosity at 40C and100C, mm2/s (cSt)D 445Pour point, C D97Viscosity index D 2270Volatility at 371C, % off D 2887, D 5480% Evaporation loss NOACK (CEC L-40-A-93or JPI-5S-41-93)Water separability (demulsibility),30 min, mLD 1401Compositional propertiesCarbon residue, % mass D 524, D 189, D 4530Nitrogen, mg/kg D 4629Precipitation number D91Saturates, wt % D 2007Sulfur, wt % D 2622, D 4294, D 3120ASpecific application issues such
