1、Designation: D 6114 97 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Specification forAsphalt-Rubber Binder1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers asphalt-rubber binder, consist-ing of a blend of paving grade asphalt cements, groundrecycled tire (that is, vulca
3、nized) rubber and other additives, asneeded, for use as binder in pavement construction. The rubbershall be blended and interacted in the hot asphalt cementsufficiently to cause swelling of the rubber particles prior touse.NOTE 1It has been found that at least 15 % rubber by weight of thetotal blend
4、 is usually necessary to provide acceptable properties ofasphalt-rubber.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the testmethod portions only, Sections 4 a
5、nd 5 of this Specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to
6、use. Specific precautionary statements aregiven in 4.3.2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsD36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 140 P
7、ractice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD 946 Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Ce-ment for Use in Pavement ConstructionD 1754 Test Method for Effects of Heat and Air on Asphal-tic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test)D 1864 Test Method for Moisture in Mineral AggregateUsed on Built-Up RoofsD
8、2196 Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield type) Vis-cometerD 2872 Test Method for Effect of Heat andAir on a MovingFilm of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test)D 3381 Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Cementfor Use in Pavement Construc
9、tionD 5329 Test Methods for Sealants and Fillers, Hot-Applied,for Joints and Cracks in Asphaltic and Portland CementConcrete PavementsD 5644 Test Methods for Rubber CompoundingMaterialsDetermination of Particle Size Distribution ofRecycled Vulcanizate Particulate Rubber3. Materials3.1 Asphalt Cement
10、The asphalt cement shall meet therequirements of Specification D 946 orTable1or3ofSpecification D 3381. Acceptable grades shall be able toproduce the properties of Table 1 of this specification wheninteracted with ground recycled tire rubber.3.2 Ground Recycled Tire Rubber:3.2.1 The ground recycled
11、tire rubber shall contain less than0.75 % moisture by weight and shall be free flowing. Thespecific gravity of the rubber shall be 1.15 6 0.05. The groundrecycled tire rubber shall contain no visible nonferrous metalparticles and no more than 0.01 % ferrous metal particles byweight.3.2.2 For use in
12、hot mix binders, the fiber content shall notexceed 0.5 % by weight of ground recycled tire rubber.However for use in binders for spray applications, fiber contentshall not exceed 0.1 % by weight. Up to 4 % by weight ofmineral powder (such as talc) is permitted to prevent stickingand caking of the ru
13、bber particles. Other foreign contaminatingmaterials (see Note 2) shall be less than 0.25 % by weight.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.40 onAsphalt Specifications.Current edition appro
14、ved May 10, 1997. Published October 1998. Originallypublished as D 6114 97. Last previous edition D 6114 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
15、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 2Other foreign contaminants include, but are not limited to,materials such as glass, sand, wood, etc.3.2.3 It is recommended that no
16、rubber particles should beretained on the 2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve. Rubber gradationshould be agreed upon between purchaser and asphalt-rubbersupplier for the specific mixture applications (see Note 3).NOTE 3It has been found that rubber gradiation may affect thephysical properties and performance of h
17、ot paving mixtures usingasphalt-rubber binder.3.3 Asphalt-Rubber:3.3.1 The asphalt-rubber shall be an interacted blend ofpaving grade asphalt cement and ground recycled tire rubber.Other additives not cited herein including other types of scraprubber are permitted.3.3.2 The asphalt-rubber shall not
18、foam when heated to175C (347F).3.3.3 The asphalt-rubber blend shall conform to the physicalrequirements of Table 1. This table was developed to provide areference for specifying asphalt-rubber binder. The tests areintended to measure the degree of modification of the asphaltcement by the ground recy
19、cled tire rubber. Table 1 is notintended to be a performance-based specification.4. Procedure4.1 Ground Recycled Tire Rubber:4.1.1 Determine moisture content according to Test MethodD 1864, except that oven temperature shall be 1056 5C (2216 9F).4.1.2 Detect and separate out ferrous metal particles
20、bythoroughly stirring a magnet through a 50 g sample. Weighcaptured particles. Determine nonferrous metal content byvisual inspection.4.1.3 Perform sieve analysis according to Test MethodD 56444.1.4 The method of determining fiber content shall bespecified as agreed between the supplier and user.4.2
21、 Asphalt-Rubber Sampling:4.2.1 Sample containers and handling shall be in accordancewith Practice D 140.4.2.2 Representative samples shall be taken from a samplevalve or tap on the agitated tank in accordance with PracticeD 140, unless otherwise directed.4.3 Preparation of Pre-Blended Asphalt-Rubber
22、 Samplesfor Acceptance Testing:4.3.1 Sample Melting and HeatingLoosen the cover ofthe original sample container to relieve pressure, then place thecontainer in a preheated forced-draft oven and maintain oventemperature as required to heat sample to test temperature (seeNote 4). After1horwhen the asp
23、halt-rubber material beginsto liquify, remove cover. Stir with a spatula as required to avoidlocalized overheating of sample and to achieve uniform sampletemperature. Replace cover and repeat these steps as needed.NOTE 4Only those samples which will be tested for viscosity at175C (347F) need to be h
24、eated to 175C (347F). To provide specimensfor other Table 1 acceptance tests, it is sufficient to thoroughly liquify thepre-blended asphalt-rubber.4.3.2 Immediately prior to testing or pouring test specimens,stir the sample thoroughly with a spatula to achieve visuallyuniform distribution of rubber
25、particles within the binder. Pourthe asphalt-rubber into suitable molds and containers formaking such tests as desired. Prepare and condition acceptancespecimens according to the respective selected test methods(see Table 1). (WarningThe sample may contain groundrubber particles that tend to float o
26、r settle. It is therefore veryimportant that samples be poured or tested as soon as possibleafter stirring to provide representative test specimens through-out which the rubber particles are uniformly dispersed.)4.3.3 The pre-blended sample shall be raised to temperature,stirred, tested for viscosit
27、y or poured for other acceptance tests,or both, within4hoftime of placement in heated oven.TABLE 1 Physical Requirements for Asphalt-Rubber BinderBinder DesignationAType I Type II Type IIIApparent Viscosity, 175C (347F):cP min 1500 1500 1500Modified Test Method D 2196, MethodA, (see 5.4)B,Cmax 5000
28、5000 5000Penetration, 25C (77F) 100g, 5 s: min 25 25 50110 mm (Test Method D5) max 75 75 100Penetration, 4C (39.2F), 200g , 60 s:110 mm (Test Method D5)min 10 15 25Softening Point: C (F) min 57.2 54.4 51.7(Test Method D36) (135) (130) (125)Resilience, 25C (77F): %(Test Method D 5329)min 25 20 10Flas
29、h Point: C (F) min 232.2 232.2 232.2(Test Method D93) (450) (450) (450)Thin-Film Oven Test Residue (Test MethodD 1754)DPenetration Retention, 4C (39.2F):% of original (Test Method D5)min 75 75 75ASee Appendix for recommended climate guidelines for usage.BEither digital or dial reading Brookfield vis
30、cometers may be used - record peak measurement.For LV series models, use spindle 3 at 12 rpm.For RV and HA series models, use spindle 3 at 20 rpm.CRion or Haake-type high range rotational viscometers may also be used (with Rotor No. 1) when correlated with Brookfield measurements, as may other rotat
31、ionalviscometers. However Brookfield shall be the referee method.DRTFO Residue (See Test Method D 2872) may be substituted for TFOT Residue, except TFOT shall be the referee method in cases of dispute.D 6114 97 (2002)25. Testing5.1 Note that the presence of discrete rubber particles in theasphalt-ru
32、bber may influence test procedures and results, andmay increase variation in measurements. Additional replicatesamples may be prepared or measurements may be repeated, asappropriate. Precision of respective tests has not been deter-mined and may vary with asphalt-rubber formulation.5.2 Table 1 Accep
33、tance TestsPerform Table 1 acceptancetests according to the standard test methods referenced in Table1, except for apparent viscosity which shall be modified asfollows:5.3 ApparatusHA series Brookfield viscometers are rec-ommended for testing apparent viscosity of asphalt-rubberbinders, but LV and R
34、V series models may also be used withthe appropriate spindles and rotation rates indicated in Table 1.Calibrate instrument according to the manufacturers recom-mendations or as needed, but not necessarily before each test.5.3.1 Other types of rotational viscometers may be usedwhen correlated with Br
35、ookfield measurements. However,Brookfield shall be the referee.5.4 Apparent ViscosityMeasure according to Method A ofTest Method D 2196, with the following modifications:5.4.1 After the entire sample reaches 175C (347F), adjustoven to maintain sample temperature at 175C (347F).5.4.2 Prepare sample i
36、n accordance with 4.3. Do not shakeand rest. Remove sample from oven to preheated hot plate orheating mantle and stir it vigorously and thoroughly.5.4.3 Make all apparent viscosity measurements at a tem-perature of 175 6 1C (347 6 2F). Acclimate the appro-priate spindle in the sample for at least 1
37、min before testing.Stir again immediately before starting spindle rotation at theappropriate rate according to Table 1 of this specification.Record the peak dial or digital reading to measure apparentviscosity of the asphalt-rubber system. If additional measure-ments are desired, stop spindle rotati
38、on and stir samplethoroughly first.6. Keywords6.1 asphalt; crm; crumb rubber modified; ground-tire rub-ber; rubber; wet processAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. CLIMATE GUIDELINES TO ACCOMPANY TABLE 1X1.1 This appendix covers suggested climate guidelines forusage of the three types of asphalt-ru
39、bber (A-R) binders inTable 1. However, no restrictions are implied or intended foruse of the respective A-R binders in the climate rangespresented in this appendix. These guidelines may be modifiedas justified by the familiarity and experience of the engineerwith asphalt-rubber as well as with local
40、 paving materials andconstruction practices. For example, modifications of thesuggested guidelines may be made dependent on traffic androadway conditions and usage types: highways; major arterial,collector, industrial, or residential streets; or parking lots. Otherconsiderations may include, but are
41、 not restricted to, chemicaland rheological properties of the base asphalt cement and of theasphalt-rubber binder. Keeping in mind these considerationsand that no restrictions are intended on the climate ranges atwhich a specific type of asphalt-rubber must be used, thefollowing guidelines are provi
42、ded to maximize performance ofthe asphalt-rubber binders.X1.1.1 Type I binders typically include stiffer base asphaltcements. Type I binders are generally recommended for use inhot climate areas, defined as the following:X1.1.1.1 Average monthly maximum ambient temperatureis 43C (110F) or greater.X1
43、.1.1.2 Average monthly minimum ambient temperatureis 1C (30F) or greater.X1.1.2 Type II binders typically include softer grades ofasphalt cement than Type I binders.Type II binders are generally recommended for use inmoderate climate areas, defined as the following:X1.1.2.1 Average monthly maximum a
44、mbient temperatureis 43C (110F) or lower.X1.1.2.2 Average monthly minimum ambient temperatureis 9C (15F) or greater.X1.1.3 Type III binders typically include the softest gradesof asphalt cements available, and may require softening addi-tives to achieve the specified physical properties. Type IIIbin
45、ders are generally recommended for use in cold climateareas, defined as the following:X1.1.3.1 Average monthly maximum ambient temperatureis 27C (80F) or lower.X1.1.3.2 Average monthly minimum ambient temperatureis 9C (15F) or lower.NOTE X1.1Descriptions of average monthly temperatures can befound i
46、n Climatic Atlas of the United States.33Climatic Atlas of the United States, originally published by U.S. Department ofCommerce, Environmental Science Services, Environmental Data Service andreprinted by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).D 6114 97 (2002)3ASTM International takes
47、 no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own resp
48、onsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addresse
49、d to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may b
