1、Designation: D6141 18Standard Guide forScreening Clay Portion and Index Flux of Geosynthetic ClayLiner (GCL) for Chemical Compatibility to Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6141; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures and test methods that canbe used in the evaluation of
3、the ability of the clay portion of ageosynthetic clay liner to resist change due to exposure toliquids. These liquids may come from a site, or be generated ina laboratory from a site-specific soil.1.2 The scope of this guide is limited to short-term screen-ing and is not intended to replace evaluati
4、on procedures thatmeasure a performance property such as EPA 9100, TestMethod D6766,orother suitable ASTM standards as theybecome available. This guide does not address potentialadverse effects of wet-dry cycling.1.3 This guide applies to the clay component of a GCL. Theswell index and fluid loss te
5、sts referenced in Section 8 may notbe applicable to clay with polymer or other chemical treatment.However, the flux tests referenced in Section 9 are applicableto clay with polymer or other chemical treatment. It isacknowledged that some use the swell index or fluid lossprocedure, or both, on clay w
6、ith polymer or other chemicaltreatment. However, such use of the standard would beconsidered a modification of the procedure and must bereported as such. The synthetic carrier components are coveredindependently as described in Practice D5322.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asst
7、andard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and
8、deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-me
9、ndations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures forEvaluating the Ch
10、emical Resistance of Geosynthetics toLiquidsD5887/D5887M Test Method for Measurement of IndexFlux Through Saturated Geosynthetic Clay Liner Speci-mens Using a Flexible Wall PermeameterD5890 Test Method for Swell Index of Clay Mineral Com-ponent of Geosynthetic Clay LinersD5891/D5891M Test Method for
11、 Fluid Loss of Clay Com-ponent of Geosynthetic Clay LinersD6072/D6072M Practice for Obtaining Samples of Geosyn-thetic Clay LinersD6766 Test Method for Evaluation of Hydraulic Propertiesof Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with PotentiallyIncompatible Aqueous Solutions2.2 EPA Document:3EPA Test Met
12、hod 9100 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity,Saturated Leachate Conductivity, and Intrinsic Permeabil-ity3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), na manufacturedhydraulic barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layersof geosynthetics.3.2 For definitions of other terms
13、used in this guide, refer toTerminologies D4439 and D653.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosynthetic ClayLiners.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 199
14、7. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D6141 14. DOI:10.1520/D6141-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
15、e ASTM website.3Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004,http:/www.epa.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis
16、international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT
17、) Committee.13.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 test liquid, nwithin this guide, a liquid either sup-plied to, or obtained by the testing laboratory, or generated bythe testing laboratory through prolonged contact of a reagentwith a test soil or other solid material.4. Signific
18、ance and Use4.1 This guide is intended as a starting place for thosewishing to investigate the chemical compatibility of the clayportion of a geosynthetic clay liner to test liquids. Within thescope of this guide, the clay portion of a geosynthetic clay linerthat is chemically compatible with a test
19、 liquid may beexpected to maintain its swelling characteristics. Conversely,the clay portion of a geosynthetic clay liner that is incompatiblewith a test liquid may be expected not to maintain its swellingcharacteristics. In instances where the compatibility of the clayportion of a GCL is questionab
20、le, additional hydraulic testingunder the expected site conditions may be warranted.5. Apparatus5.1 Refer to the appropriate evaluation test standards for adescription of the apparatus necessary to perform those tests.5.2 Containers, manufactured of a chemically resistantmaterial, such as polyethyle
21、ne or stainless steel, may be neededto prepare and contain test liquid generated from soils. Thecontainers should be sealable to prevent the loss of volatileconstituents. Separate containers will be needed for mixingbatches and storing the test liquid for the tests.5.3 Mixer, motor driven, capable o
22、f forming a slurry of thesoil and the leaching fluid.NOTE 1It may be impossible to mix some soils to the extentpreviously described. In such cases, other means of exposing the soil tothe leaching fluid should be agreed upon between the parties involved.6. Sampling6.1 Test liquid or soil samples from
23、 a site should berepresentative of the whole.NOTE 2Materials that contain or are suspected to contain hazardousconstituents shall be handled in accordance with all applicable federal andstate guidelines.NOTE 3The amount of test liquid needed will depend upon thenumber of tests to be performed. It is
24、 estimated that 2 L will be sufficientfor a single series of tests. The amount of soil needed will depend upon thenumber of tests to conduct and the suggested mixing ratio stated in 7.2.6.2 Sample the geosynthetic clay liner in question in accor-dance with Practice D6072/D6072M.6.3 Sample the clay p
25、ortion of the geosynthetic clay liner inaccordance with Test Methods D5890 and D5891/D5891M.6.4 Sample the geosynthetic clay liner in question in accor-dance with Test Method D6766.7. Procedure for Generating a Test Liquid from a Soil7.1 Prior to generating the test liquid, the testing laboratorysha
26、ll note the general appearance of the soil.NOTE 4In noting the general appearance of the soil, importantobservations may include, but are not limited to, color, odor, and visualestimate of gradation (for example, sand, clay, or gravel).7.2 Place a portion of the soil into the mixing container. Theam
27、ount of soil will depend upon the amount of liquid requiredto complete the evaluation. Add to the mixing container anamount of distilled water equal to twice the apparent volume(bulk volume) of the soil.NOTE 5It is recognized that other solutions may be applicable andmore desirable than distilled wa
28、ter as the leaching fluid for the soil. Insuch cases, the nature of the leaching fluid should be agreed upon by therequestor.7.3 Mix the soil and the distilled water (or other leachingfluid) to form a slurry.7.4 Cover the mixing container such that the escape ofvolatile constituents is prevented, an
29、d allow the mixture tocondition for a minimum of 24 h. Other conditioning periodsare allowed upon agreement by the requestor. Agitate themixture periodically during the conditioning period by rotatingthe container.7.5 Following the conditioning period, carefully decant thetest liquid from the mixing
30、 container into a sealable storagecontainer. It is necessary to filter the test liquid prior to theevaluation.8. Evaluating the Clay Portion of the Geosynthetic ClayLiner8.1 Conduct baseline testing of the clay portion of thegeosynthetic clay liner for fluid loss and swell index inaccordance with Te
31、st Methods D5890 and D5891/D5891M.8.2 Conduct another series of tests for fluid loss and swellindex in accordance with Test Methods D5890 and D5891/D5891M, utilizing either a site-specific liquid or a test liquidgenerated from a soil.NOTE 6If the site liquid or laboratory-generated test liquid is no
32、ttransparent enough to allow the level of swell to be determined inaccordance with Test Method D5890, then Test Method D5891/D5891Mbecomes the sole screening tool.8.3 Record the results of both sets of tests in accordancewith the referenced test methods.NOTE 7GCLs are manufactured with powder or gra
33、nular bentonite,whereas the Test Methods D5890 and D5891/D5891M are carried outwith powdered bentonite (typically after grinding). It might be necessaryto carry out Test Methods D5890 and D5891/D5891M with the bentoniteparticles as used in the GCL to create realistic data as occurring in field.9. Ev
34、aluating the Index Flux of the Geosynthetic ClayLiner9.1 Conduct baseline testing of the geosynthetic clay linerfor index flux in accordance with Test Method D5887/D5887M.9.2 Conduct another test in accordance with Test MethodD6766, utilizing either a site-specific liquid, or a test liquidgenerated
35、from a soil.9.3 Record the results of both sets of tests in accordancewith the referenced test methods.10. Evaluating the Results of the Test Methods10.1 As a screening tool, this guide does not offer specificvalues for the fluid loss and swell index tests that the clayD6141 182portion of a geosynth
36、etic clay liner must meet or the index fluxvalue of the GCL in order to be considered chemicallycompatible with the test liquid in question. However, it issuggested that differences between the results of the baselinetests and those conducted with the test liquid may warrantfurther hydraulic testing
37、.NOTE 8Signs that the site-specific liquid or test liquid generated froma soil is having a deleterious effect on the clay portion of a geosyntheticclay liner may include, but are not limited to, an increase from the baselinein the value of fluid loss, resp. the index flux value, and a decrease fromt
38、he baseline in the value for swell index. (See Appendix X1.)11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 A description of the geosynthetic clay liner used inthe evaluation, including type, source, and manufacturerscodes of product identification,11.1.2 A description of soil or other site-s
39、pecific test liquidinvolved,11.1.3 Amount of soil, type of leaching fluid used, andconditioning time for the generation of the test liquid. Themixing and settling times, agitation procedure and periods, andfilter type,11.1.4 The results of the baseline tests and the tests con-ducted with the site-sp
40、ecific liquid, or test liquid generatedfrom a soil,11.1.5 Any and all visual observations of effects on the claycomponent of the GCL that may be useful in the interpretationof the results, and11.1.6 Other reporting information not listed here, but asmay be required by the referenced ASTM test method
41、s.12. Keywords12.1 chemical compatibility; fluid loss; geosynthetic clayliner; leachate; swell indexAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RELATED REFERENCE MATERIALSX1.1 References on North American BentoniteX1.1.1 Jo, H. Y., Katsumi, T., Benson, C. H. and Edil, T. B.,“Hydraulic Conductivity and Swe
42、lling of NonprehydratedGCLs Permeated with Single-Species Salt Solutions,” Journalof Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol 127,No. 7, 2001, pp. 557567.X1.1.2 Kolstad, D. C., Benson, C. H. and Edil, T. B.,“Hydraulic Conductivity and Swell of Nonprehydrated GCLsPermeated with Multi-Specie
43、s Inorganic Solutions,” Journal ofGeotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol 130,No. 12, 2012, pp. 12361249 and Vol 132, No. 7, p. 962.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of th
44、is standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five ye
45、ars andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical commi
46、ttee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
47、28-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 183
