1、Designation: D 6145 97 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forMonitoring Sediment in Watersheds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSoil erosion and resulting sedimentation is the major cause of nonpoint source pollution thatthreatens water resources. These impacts in
3、clude: impaired aquatic habitat; destruction of sport andcommercial fisheries and shellfisheries; lost reservoir capacity for flood control, power generation, andstorage of potable water supplies; excessive flooding; impaired navigation; aggradation of irrigationand drainage channels; lost productiv
4、ity of lands swamped by deposition and infertile overwash;increased levels of water treatment; lost or declined recreational opportunities; and impaired aestheticvalues. The amount of sediment in a stream can affect channel shape, sinuosity, and the relativebalance between riffles and pools. Excessi
5、ve sediment in a stream causes a decrease in channelcapacity which in turn results in more frequent and larger out of bank floods. In addition to the adversephysical effects of sediment loads, many nutrients, pesticides, and heavy metals are sorbed onto finesediment particles which may result in eut
6、rophic or toxic waters. Indirect effects of increased sedimentloads may include increased stream temperatures and decreased intergravel dissolved oxygen levels.This guide recommends a process for developing and implementing monitoring projects forsediment in a watershed. It follows Guide D 5851 with
7、 more specifics applicable to watersheds andsediment.These guidelines are presented for use in the nationwide strategy for monitoring developed by theIntergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring (ITFM). The nationwide monitoring strategy is an effortto improve the technical aspects of water monitoring
8、 to support sound water-quality decision-making.It is needed to integrate monitoring activities more effectively and economically and to achieve abetter return of investments in monitoring projects (1)2.This guide is offered as a guide for standardizing methods used in projects to monitor and evalua
9、teactual and potential nonpoint and point source sediment pollution within a watershed. The guide isapplicable to landscapes and surface water resources, recognizing the need for a comprehensiveunderstanding of naturally occurring and manmade impacts to the entire watershed hydrologic system.1. Scop
10、e1.1 PurposeThis guide is intended to provide generalguidance on a watershed monitoring program directed towardsediment. The guide offers a series of general steps withoutsetting forth a specific course of action. It gives advice forestablishing a monitoring program, not an implementationprogram.1.2
11、 Sedimentation as referred to in this guide is the detach-ment, entrainment, transportation, and deposition of erodedsoil and rock particles. Specific types or parameters of sedi-ment may include: suspended sediment, bedload, bed material,turbidity, wash load, sediment concentration, total load, sed
12、i-ment deposits, particle size distribution, sediment volumes andparticle chemistry. Monitoring may include not only sedimentssuspended in water but sediments deposited in fields, flood-plains, and channel bottoms.1.3 This guide applies to surface waters as found in streamsand rivers; lakes, ponds,
13、reservoirs, estuaries, and wetlands.1.4 LimitationsThis guide does not establish a standardprocedure to follow in all situations and it does not cover thedetail necessary to define all of the needs of a particularmonitoring objective or project. Other standards and guidesincluded in the reference an
14、d standard sections describe indetail the procedures, equipment, operations, and site selectionfor collecting, measuring, analyzing, and monitoring sedimentand related constituants.1.5 Additional ASTM and US Geological Survey standardsapplicable to sediment monitoring are listed in Appendix X11This
15、guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeD19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.02 on General Specifications,Technical Resources, and Statistical Methods.Current edition approved April 15, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition
16、 approved in 2002 as D 6145 97 (2002).2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of this standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and Appendix X2. Due to the large number of opt
17、ionalstandards and procedures involved in sediment monitoring,most individual standards are not referenced in this document.Standards and procedures have been grouped in the appendicesaccording to the type of analyses or sampling that would berequired for a specific type of measurement or monitoring
18、.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
19、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 4410 Terminology for Fluvial SedimentD 4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in MotionD 4581 Guide for Measurement of Morphologic Character-istics of Surface Water BodiesD 4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated Se
20、dimentsD 5851 Guide for Planning and Implementing a WaterMonitoring Program3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toDefinitions D 1129 and Terminology D 4410.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 assessto determine the significance,
21、value, and im-portance of the data collected and recorded.3.2.2 best management practice (BMP)a practice or com-bination of practices that are determined by state or area-wideplanning agencies to be the most effective and practical meansof controlling point and nonpoint pollution.3.2.3 hydrographa g
22、raphical representation of the dis-charge, stage, velocity, available power, or other property ofstream flow at a point with respect to time.3.2.4 measurementdetermining the value of a character-istic within a representative sample or in situ determinations ofselected components of riverine, lacustr
23、ine, or estuarine sys-tems.3.2.5 nonpoint source pollutiona condition of waterwithin a water body caused by the presence of undesirablematerials that enter the water system from diffuse locationswith no particular point of origin.3.2.6 resource management system (RMS)a combinationof conservation pra
24、ctices identified by the primary use of theland that will protect the soil resource base, maintain accept-able water quality, and maintain acceptable ecological andmanagement levels for the selected resource use.3.2.7 watershedall lands enclosed by a continuous hydro-logic surface drainage divide an
25、d lying upslope from a speci-fied point on a stream.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to be used in the planning stageor phase of developing a sediment monitoring program. Thisguide is an assembly of the components common to all aspectsof watershed sediment monitoring and fulfills a
26、need in thedevelopment of a common framework for a better coordinatedand a more unified approach to sediment monitoring inwatersheds.4.2 The user of this guide is not assumed to be a trainedtechnical practitioner in the water quality, sedimentation, orhydrology fields. The intended users are manager
27、s and plan-ners who need information to develop a water quality moni-toring program or project with an emphasis in sediment andhydrology. Sediment specialists will also find information onprocedures, equipment, methodology, and operations to con-duct a monitoring program.4.3 This guide is used durin
28、g the planning process ofdeveloping, designing, and reevaluating a sediment monitoringprogram.5. Monitoring Purpose5.1 A watershed monitoring program for sediment is com-prised of a series of steps designed to collect sediment andrelated flow data in order to achieve a stated objective. Thepurposes
29、of monitoring may be several and include: analyzingtrends, establishing baseline conditions, studying the fate andtransport of sediment and associated pollutants, defining criti-cal source areas, assessing compliance, measuring the effec-tiveness of management practices, project monitoring, imple-me
30、ntation monitoring, making wasteload allocations, testingmodels, defining a water quality problem, and conductingresearch.5.2 Monitoring to analyze trends is used to determine howwater quality or sediment load changes over time. Normally,measurements will be made at regular well-spaced time inter-va
31、ls in order to determine the long term trend in somesedimentation parameter. Typically the observations are nottaken specifically to evaluate BMPs or management activities,water quality models, or water quality standards, althoughtrend data may be utilized, in part, for one of these otherpurposes.5.
32、3 Baseline monitoring is used to characterize existingsediment or water quality conditions, and to establish a database for planning or future comparisons. Baseline monitoringshould capture as much of the temporal variations as possiblein order to assess seasonal and long term climatic influencesupo
33、n runoff and sediment yield. In some cases baselinemonitoring is included as the early stage of trend monitoring.5.4 Fate and transport monitoring is conducted to determinewhether sediment and associated pollutants move and wherethey may go.5.5 Sediment monitoring can be used to locate criticalsourc
34、e areas within watersheds exhibiting greater pollution orloading potential than other areas.5.6 Sediment monitoring may also be used to assess com-pliance with water quality management plans or standards.This is the monitoring used to determine whether specified3For referenced ASTM standards, visit
35、the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D 6145 97 (2007)2water-quality criteria are being met. The criteria may benumerical (quantitative)
36、or descriptive (qualitative).5.7 Sediment monitoring may assess the effectiveness ofindividual management practices or resource managementsystems for improving water quality or, in some cases, may beused to evaluate the effect of an entire program in a watershed.Evaluating individual BMPs may requir
37、e detailed and special-ized measurements made at the practice site or immediatelyadjacent to the management practice. Monitoring the overalleffectiveness of BMPs is usually done in the stream channeland it may be difficult to relate measured values to individualpractices.5.8 Implementation monitorin
38、g may assess whether BMPswere installed or implemented, or if significant land useschanges occurred. Typically this activity is carried out as anadministrative review or a monitoring of landuse changes. Onits own, however, implementation monitoring cannot directlylink management activities to water
39、quality or sediment yield,as no actual sediment or water measurements were taken.5.9 Monitoring of water bodies receiving runoff and sedi-ment or other suspended loads can be used to make wasteloadallocations between various point and nonpoint sources. Suchallocations require good knowledge of the i
40、ndividual contribu-tions from each source.5.10 Sediment monitoring may be used to fit, calibrate, ortest a model for local conditions. Sediment monitoring may beused to evaluate samplers, rainfall simulators, runoff collectiondevices and other related instruments or devices for researchpurposes.5.11
41、 Finally, sediment monitoring may be used to giveadequate definition to a water quality problem or determinewhether a sediment related problem exists.5.12 Guide D 5851 provides overall guidance on watermonitoring and provides detailed information on purposes ofmonitoring water quality. Additional in
42、formation on purposesof watershed monitoring is provided in USDA-NRCS WaterQuality Monitoring Handbook (2), the ITFM reports (1, 3, 4,5), and EPA Guidelines (6, 7).6. Monitoring Components6.1 This guide suggests and discusses the following steps indesigning a watershed monitoring program for sedimen
43、t. Moredetail on each step may be found in USDA-NRCS MonitoringHandbook (2).6.1.1 Identify NeedThe first step is to define the need forwater quality monitoring. The need statement should includeseveral components: the potential or real water quality issuerequiring attention, the potential use impair
44、ment or threats, thename of the actual water resource(s), and finally the potentialsources that may cause the problem(s) (2). Very often the needis to identify a water quality problem but in some cases, theneed may be to assess the existing water quality whether aproblem exists or not. An example of
45、 a need statement mightbe: “The decline in shellfish in Big Bay is due to acceleratedsedimentation caused by excessive erosion from forestry op-erations within the Trout Brook watershed.” Since sedimentmay originate or become resuspended from a vast variety ofnonpoint and point sources, the cause(s)
46、 of the sedimentproblem may be difficult to establish or distinguish unlessdetailed monitoring plans are implemented.6.2 Monitoring ObjectivesThe second step in developinga sediment monitoring program is to define the monitoringobjectives. The objectives of the monitoring study shouldaddress the wat
47、er quality need or problem. An objectivestatement should include an infinitive verb, an object word orphrase, and some constraints on the objective such as thesurface or ground water watershed boundaries and variables tomonitor. An example of a monitoring objective might be: “Todetermine the effect
48、of implementing best management prac-tices on sediment concentration or sediment yield in TroutBrook.” When several objectives are used, a hierarchicalapproach may be used to determine higher priority objectives.An objective tree can be used to distinguish among severalobjectives. To determine how s
49、everal objectives can be linked,the following question can be asked: “Does the achievement ofobjective A contribute directly to the achievement of objectiveB?” To assess whether objectives are being achieved, objectiveattributes could be determined. These attributes may be binary,achieved or not, or scaler.6.3 Sampling DesignA wide variety of instruments andtechniques have been developed for field measurements of soilerosion, sediment movement, turbidity, and sediment deposi-tion. In general four basic types of studies exist: measurementsof sediment in surface runoff from
