1、Designation: D 6179 07Standard Test Methods forRough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large ShippingCases and Crates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover testing the integrity of unitizedloads and large shipping cases and crates as well as th
3、e abilityof the contents to endure rough handling. Not all of the testmethods are applicable to all products, containers, and loads.These test methods are applicable to common means ofmaterial handling as follows:1.1.1 Test Method A, B, C, D, and EDrop TestFormeasuring the ability of the case or cra
4、te or unitized load towithstand rough handling impacts and provide informationuseful in improving the design of the container. Normally, TestMethods A and B are not applied to unitized loads.1.1.2 Test Method FTip TestFor determining if filled tallor top heavy cases, crates, or unitized loads will t
5、ip over whentilted to a predetermined angle.1.1.3 Method GTipover TestFor determining the abilityof filled large shipping cases or crates to resist the impactsassociated with tipover hazards, and for determining the abilityof the packaging and packing methods to provide protection tothe contents, wh
6、en the case or crate is tipped over.NOTE 1Test Method G fulfills the requirements of ISO 8768.ISO 8768 may not meet the requirements for Test Method G.1.1.4 Test Method HRolling TestFor determining theability of complete, filled large shipping cases or crates towithstand the effects of rolling.NOTE
7、2Test Method H fulfills the requirements of ISO 2876.ISO 2876 may not meet the requirements for Test Method H.1.2 Additional Test Procedures:1.2.1 Test methods for mechanical handling of unitizedloads and large shipping cases and crates are set forth in TestMethod D 6055. Additional tests that apply
8、 to mechanicalhandling of unitized loads and large cases and crates includeincline impact tests, described in Test Method D 880 andhorizontal impact tests, described in Test Methods D 4003 andTest Method D 5277. Test Methods D 4003 includes a specialpallet marshaling test and Test Methods D 1185 pro
9、vides testmethods for pallets and related structures.1.2.2 Practice D 4169 provides a series of options forselecting and running performance tests on all types ofshipping containers and systems.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parenth
10、eses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations
11、 prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 1185 Test Methods for Pallets and Related StructuresEmployed in Materials Handling and ShippingD 4003 Test
12、Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers
13、byFree FallD 5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizon-tal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact TesterD 5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Con-tainers by Shock MachinesD 6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates2.2 ISO Standards:1T
14、hese test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and SystemsApplication of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1997. L
15、ast previous edition approved in 2003 as D 6179 97 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Co
16、pyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ISO 2876 PackagingComplete, Filled TransportPackagesRolling Test3ISO 8768 PackagingComplete, Filled TransportPackagesToppling Test33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 General terms in thes
17、e test methods are defined inTerminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 flatfor purposes of drop tests, tip tests, tipover tests,and rolling tests, no two points on the surface differ in level bymore than 0.080 in. (2 mm); however, where one of thedimensions of the te
18、st package in contact with the surface isgreater than 40 in. (1000 mm), a maximum difference insurface level of 0.20 in. (5 mm) will be acceptable.3.2.2 large shipping case or cratea case or crate of suchsize and weight to require mechanical handling. A case or crateof this type may weigh from 100 l
19、b (45 kg) up to many tonsand measure proportionately. The case or crate may be securedto or carried by a base or pallet. Frame members may beprovided for rigidity throughout the container.3.2.3 rigidfor purposes of drop tests, tip tests, and tipovertests, a surface that will not be deformed by more
20、than 0.0040in. (0.1 mm) when any area of 0.16 in.2(100 mm2) is loadedstatically with 22 lb (10 kg) anywhere on the surface.3.2.4 rollingrotating a test package about its axis so as toimpact on each face in turn.3.2.5 unitized loada type of unit load consisting ofarticles or containers secured togeth
21、er so as to be handled as anentity.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods will allow the user to determineintegrity and stability of the load as well as provide guidanceto improve the design of the shipping container or the unit loadwhere deficiencies are found.4.2 Damage to products or packa
22、ges observed during testingcan be expected to correlate at least in a qualitative way todamage observed in actual distribution handling systems.4.3 The results received from shock machine testing andfree fall drop testing are different for certain products. Wherethis test is performed to satisfy a r
23、egulatory or contractualrequirement, its use is subject to approval by the agencyconcerned.5. Apparatus5.1 Drop Test ApparatusIn performing the drop test, thecase, crate, or unitized load may be handled with any conve-nient equipment, such as a block and tackle, a hoist, or jackswith provision made
24、for releasing the test item either by pullingsupporting blocks from under it when tackle and jacks are usedor by a release hook when a hoist is used.5.1.1 Other apparatus may be used for dropping a case,crate, or unitized load as follows:5.1.1.1 Lift with heavy steel strapping or wire (to release,th
25、e strapping or wire is cut), or5.1.1.2 Lift with a forklift truck (while restraining the testitem, the forklift truck is removed from under it), or5.1.1.3 Lift with a clamp truck. (Apply sufficient force to lifttest item to prescribed height, then release test item), or5.1.1.4 Use a tractor with blo
26、ck and tackle (blocks arepulled from under test item) or,5.1.1.5 Use a commercial drop tester for test items that arewithin the weight limitations of the machine.5.1.2 Perform the test upon a flat, horizontally level, con-crete slab, pavement, or similarly unyielding surface, massiveenough to be imm
27、ovable and rigid enough to be non-deformable under test conditions, with a mass at least 50 timesthat of the test item and large enough to ensure that the testpackage falls entirely upon the surface.5.2 Tip Test and Tipover Test ApparatusIn performing thetip or tipover test, the test item may be han
28、dled with anyconvenient equipment, such as a forklift truck, a host, a blockand tackle, by hand, or any means capable of applying ahorizontal load to the vertical faces of the test item at aparticular height above the center of gravity and of sufficientforce to cause tipping without causing the test
29、 item to slide onthe horizontal surface. Perform the test upon a flat, horizontallylevel, concrete slab, pavement, or similarly unyielding surface,massive enough to be immovable and rigid enough to benon-deformable under test conditions, with a mass at least 50times that of the test item and large e
30、nough to ensure that thetest item falls entirely upon the surface.5.3 Rolling Test ApparatusIn performing the rolling test,the test item may be handled with any convenient equipment,such as a forklift truck, a hoist, a block and tackle, or by hand.Perform the test upon a flat, horizontally level, co
31、ncrete slab,pavement, or similarly unyielding surface, massive enough tobe immovable and rigid enough to be non-deformable undertest conditions, with a mass at least 50 times that of the testitem and large enough to ensure that the test item falls entirelyupon the surface.6. Test Specimen and Number
32、 of Tests6.1 Test several cases, crates, or unitized loads of a givendesign, if possible, to obtain replication of results. If it is notpossible to test an entire unitized load, then sufficient articles orcontainers should be assembled such that the height and onebase dimension are nearly the same a
33、s the proposed unitizedload. The same test item may often be used for all applicabletests if not tested to failure. Load the test item with the actualcontents for which it was designed. If use of actual contents isnot practical, a dummy load of the same total mass, size, andweight distribution may b
34、e substituted. The contents or dummyload shall be blocked, braced, and cushioned in place and thepackage closed normally as for shipment.6.2 Identify faces, edges, and corners of containers asshown in Fig. A1.1 of Test Method D 5276.7. Conditioning7.1 It is recommended that atmospheres for condition
35、ing beselected from those shown in Practice D 4332. Unless other-wise specified, fiberboard and other paperboard containers3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D6179072shall be preconditioned and conditioned in
36、 accordance with thestandard atmosphere specified in Practice D 4332.8. Acceptance Criteria8.1 Reference Practice D 4169 for acceptance criteria andthe correlation to relative performance criteria.9. Drop Tests9.1 Test Method ARotational Edge Drop TestRaise oneend of the case or crate and set it upo
37、n a timber or othersupport, placed at right angles to the length of the case or crate.The height of the support shall be sufficient to ensure that therewill be no support for the base between the ends of the test itemwhen dropping takes place, but should not be high enough tocause the test item to s
38、lide on the support when the drop end israised for the drop. Raise the other end of the test itemsuccessively to prescribed heights and release to fall freely onthe impact surface. Where test items are tall or top heavy,provision must be made to prevent the test item from tippingover after the drop
39、is made. The drop test impact surface isspecified fully in the Apparatus section. If the stability of theload is in question, the Tip Test (Test Method F) or the TipoverTest (Test Method G), or both, should be performed. SeeAnnexA1 for alternative drop test procedures.9.2 Test Method BRotational Cor
40、ner Drop TestStart upby setting up the case or crate as defined for the Test MethodA rotational edge drop test. Placea4to10in.(100 to 254 mm)block flat under one corner of the end already supported inorder to raise one corner higher than the other so that impactson the diagonally opposite corner can
41、 be obtained. Raise theunsupported end of the test item so that the lower corner of thatend reaches a specified height from the impact surface andallow to fall freely. Where test items are tall or top heavy,provision must be made to prevent the test item from tippingover after the drop is made. If t
42、he stability of the load is inquestion, the Tip Test (Test Method F) or the Tipover Test (TestMethod G), or both, should be performed. See Annex A1 foralternative drop test procedures.9.3 Test Method CRotational Flat Drop TestWith oneedge of the case, crate or unitized load supported by the floor,ra
43、ise the other end to prescribed heights and release to fall flaton the impact surface. Where test items are tall or top heavy,provision must be made to prevent the test item from tippingover after the drop is made. If the stability of the load is inquestion, the Tip Test (Test Method F) or the Tipov
44、er Test (TestMethod G), or both, should be performed. See Annex A1 foralternative drop test procedures.9.4 Test Method DUnsupported Free Fall Drop TestRaise the case, crate or unitized load above the impact surface,using apparatus as described in 5.1. Position load while in theair for flat bottom dr
45、op, edge, or corner drop as is desired.Release the test item and allow to fall freely. The angle of dropis at the users option but must be recorded. Where test itemsare tall or top heavy, provision must be made to prevent the testitem from tipping over after the drop is made. If the stability ofthe
46、load is in question, the Tip Test (Test Method F) or theTipover Test (Test Method G), or both, should be performed.See Annex A1 for alternative drop test procedures.NOTE 3When conducting a drop test using slings on a corrugatedfiberboard case, it is necessary to install a nominal 2 by 6 in. (50 by 1
47、50mm) wooden board at least 1 in. (25 mm) longer than the dimension of thecase on top of the case and in line with each sling. This board will preventeach sling from collapsing the top of the corrugated fiberboard case whenit is being lifted prior to the drop test.9.4.1 Test Method EShock Machine Me
48、thodThe freefall drop test may, in some instances, be performed using aprogrammable shock machine of appropriate dimensions usingthe apparatus and procedures described in Test MethodD 5487. See 4.3 for an equivalency statement for the shockmachine method and free fall method of drop testing. SeeAnne
49、x A1 for alternative drop test procedures.9.5 Measurements During Drop Tests (Optional)Measuredimensions of the test item, typically diagonals, and recordbefore the test is started and after each drop. The differences insuccessive measurements permit a study of the distortions anddeflections that have taken place. In addition to these measures,a record should be made of any changes or breakage in the testitem and their location. A recommended sample form forrecording the measurements and notations made during thedrop tests is shown in Fig. 1.10. Ti
