1、Designation: D6198 12Standard Guide forTransport Packaging Design1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers an approach to design of packagingfor distributing goods through the hazards of handling, storage,and transportation.1.2 The principal content of
3、this guide is the identificationof the key steps involved in development of transportpackages, including shipping containers, interior protectivepackaging, and unit loads. It is recognized that actual usage andapplication to individual design projects may vary appreciablywithout diminishing the valu
4、e of the process. Consult with apackaging professional whenever needed.1.3 This guide is not intended for design of primary pack-aging unless the primary package is planned for use as ashipping container.1.4 The user of this guide must be aware of the carrier rulesregarding packaging for shipment vi
5、a each mode of transpor-tation in which the transport package may move, such as theNational Motor Freight Classification (less-than truckload) andthe Uniform Freight Classification (railroad). For hazardousmaterials packaging, the packaging must perform to the re-quirements of the applicable modal r
6、egulations listed in Sec-tion 2.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitati
7、ons prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistanceof Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit LoadsD880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Contain-ers and SystemsD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD99
8、9 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-tainersD1974 Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Rein-forcing Fiberboard BoxesD3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility ofProducts, Using Shock MachinesD3580 Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion)Test of ProductsD400
9、3 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Ship-ping ContainersD4919 Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials PackagingsD5276 Test
10、 Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers byFree FallD5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Contain-ers by Shock MachinesD6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of UnitizedLoads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loadsand Large Shipping C
11、ases and CratesD6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to TransportPackagesD6537 Practice for Instrumented Package Shock Testing ForDetermination of Package PerformanceD6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of HighAltitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum MethodD6804 Guide for Hand Hole Des
12、ign in Corrugated BoxesD7030 Test Method for Short Term Creep Performance ofCorrugated Fiberboard Containers Under Constant LoadUsing a Compression Test MachineD7386 Practice for Performance Testing of Packages forSingle Parcel Delivery SystemsD7387 Test Method for Vibration Testing of IntermediateB
13、ulk Containers (IBCs) Used for Shipping Liquid Haz-ardous Materials (Dangerous Goods)D7660 Guide for Conducting Internal Pressure Tests onUnited Nations (UN) Packagings1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Sh
14、ipping Containers andSystems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D6198 07. DOI:10.1520/D6198-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm
15、.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 ISO Sta
16、ndard:ISO 4180 Complete Filled Transport PackagesGeneralRules for the Compilation of Performance Test Schedules32.3 Other Documents:National Motor Freight Classification4Uniform Freight Classification, Rail Publication Service5International Civil Aviation Organization Technical Instruc-tions for the
17、 Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air6IMDG Code, International Maritime Dangerous GoodsCode7IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations8United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 49, Trans-portation (CFR-49)9International Safe Transit Association Procedures103. Terminology3.1 Definitions General defin
18、itions for packaging anddistribution environments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 interior protective packagingpackaging materials orforms used within shipping containers to protect contents fromdamage in distribution by cushioning, bracing, spa
19、cing fromcontainer walls, preventing abrasion, filling voids, and so forth.3.2.2 transport packagingpackaging for containment andprotection of goods during handling, storage, and transporta-tion in the physical distribution process. The scope of transportpackaging includes all of industrial packagin
20、g as well as theshipping containers, interior protective packaging and unitizingrequired for consumer packages.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide assists users in design and development ofpackaging intended for the protection of goods while they arein transit from point of origin to final destina
21、tion. By followingall steps of this guide, users will be assured that the mostimportant factors are included in package design. In somecases, the sequence of steps may be changed, and often thesteps may occur simultaneously with concurrent work activi-ties.4.2 The design process focuses on protectio
22、n from hazardsof handling, storage, and shipping while recognizing theeconomics of all other facets of distribution, including pack-aging materials and labor, and transportation.4.3 In transport packaging, distribution is generally definedas inclusion of handling, storage, and transportation factors
23、.5. Procedure5.1 Introduction:5.1.1 Although no single procedure can be expected to meetall requirements for all design options, there are general areasof information that are necessary for the design process to bemost useful. The more information in each of these areas thatcan be obtained accuratel
24、y, the greater the probability ofoptimizing the final design for cost performance utility,timeliness, and environmental considerations. Other interestedparties, such as customers or end users, should be contacted forany specific package design criteria.5.1.2 The following sequence, listed in 5.2-5.1
25、2, may notalways be applicable to every design process and may bechanged to fit particular circumstances, products, markets,distribution methods, etc. Environmental hazards presented bythe distribution environment (see 5.4) may be known longbefore a new product (see 5.2) is fully designed or ready f
26、ordistribution (see 5.3). Such knowledge can in fact contribute tothe design of the product to ultimately reduce the amount ofpackaging that will eventually be required. The user of thisguide is encouraged to examine each particular situation anddecide the best order in which to proceed, without omi
27、tting anyof the basic steps that follow.5.2 Identify Physical Characteristics of the PackageContentsIt is important to know more about the packagecontents (goods) than simply its dimensions and weight. Thepackage designer must be aware of physical and chemicalcharacteristics and hazardous properties
28、 so proper packagingcan be developed. These include: susceptibility to abrasion,corrosion, temperature, static electricity, or magnetic fields; theability to hold a load in compression, the contents ability towithstand the effects of shock and vibration during distribution,and intended shelf life. S
29、ee Test Methods D3332 and D3580for methods of determining shock and vibration fragility ofproducts.5.3 Determine Marketing and Distribution Requirements:5.3.1 Package design must include consideration of market-ing and distribution requisites in addition to product character-istics. These requiremen
30、ts, in many cases, take the form ofmarketing graphics, product identification, and compliancelabeling.5.3.1.1 Compliance labeling can also take many forms.Some items to consider are identification of country of origin,hazardous materials transportation regulations, Truth in Pack-aging requirements,
31、and bar coding. Besides the actual printedgraphics, one may want to consider proper substrate forprinting and any required coatings.5.3.1.2 Distribution requirements can likewise take on manyforms of consideration including: the number of units that willship in a container; the composition and attri
32、butes of theprimary package; the identity of customers and their handlingand storage requirements; the package disposal criteria; totalvolume expected per shift/day/year; expected life cycle; theplanned modes of transport; domestic and international rules orregulations for packaging via those transp
33、ort modes; types of3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA), 1001North Fairfax St., Suite 600, Alexandria, VA 22314, http:/www.nmfta.org.5Available
34、 from Railinc, 7001 Weston Pkwy, Suite 200, Cary, NC 27513.6Available from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 999 Univer-sity St., Montreal, Quebec, H3C 5H7, Canada.7Available from International Marine Organization, 4 Albert Embankment,London, Ontario 5E1 7SR Canada.8Available from In
35、ternational Air Transport Association (IATA), CustomerService Rep., 800 Place Victoria, P.O. Box 113, Montreal, Quebec H4Z 1M1.9Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.10Availabl
36、e from International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), 1400 AbbottRoad, Suite 160, East Lansing, MI 48823-1900.D6198 122distribution channels; maximizing loads in carrier vehicles;freight classification; handling and storage requirements; pro-duction equipment; environmental issues; etc.5.3.1.3 This
37、listing is not all inclusive and other consider-ations than these also may be important to the total packagedesign.5.4 Identify Environmental Hazards Your Packages MayEncounterKnowledge of the distribution environment is keyto designing an optimum transport package. Major hazards tobe expected in th
38、e environment are: rough handling; vibrationand shock in-transit; compression in storage or in-transit; highhumidity and water; atmospheric pressure; salt/corrosion; staticelectricity; temperature extremes; pilferage; insect infestation;and concentrated impact forces. Identifying these hazards andqu
39、antifying them may include observation, conductingmeasurements, or reading research reports (see the referenceslisted in Practice D4169).5.5 Consider All Available Alternatives :5.5.1 There are many alternatives available for shippingcontainers, interior protective packaging, and unit loads. Allshou
40、ld be considered and reviewed before selecting the finaltypes for further development. Trade-off comparison analysistechniques often help in the selection process. Rather thanconsidering only materials that one has experience with,comparing paper versus plastic versus wood versus metal is agood exer
41、cise at times to assure the optimum solution for aparticular project.5.5.2 Three major factors influencing selection of alterna-tives are: package performance, total system cost, and envi-ronmental impact of materials.5.5.2.1 The final package design will also have a significantimpact on overall dis
42、tribution costs. It will influence materialscosts, labor costs, capital requirements, overhead allocations,handling costs, freight and transportation costs, damage costs,and those costs and issues involved with the eventual disposalof the package components.5.5.2.2 The overall environmental impact o
43、f a design maybe quite difficult to quantify. Factors such as broad access torecycling systems or markets will have significant impact onthis issue. One commonly used approach to dealing withenvironmental impact for broadly distributed goods has been touse a design approach prioritizing the common c
44、oncerns ofReduce, Reuse, Recycle, Energy Recovery, and Safe Disposal.For packages developed for products having focused marketsin specific locations, it may be more beneficial to emphasize asingle element of the preceding concerns (that is, returnablepackaging for products sold only locally, and so
45、forth). Thedesign approach could also be altered to either increaseenvironmental efficiency or comply with appropriateregulations, legislation, or organization policies.5.5.2.3 One means of evaluating the overall effectiveness ofa package design is to benchmark or compare it to designs fromcompetito
46、rs for like products or to designs from companies ororganizations recognized for packaging excellence. Often suchcomparisons can help confirm original design assumptions(required performance levels, acceptable costs, and so forth)and can provide an additional level of confidence for a newdesign. If
47、a benchmarking effort indicates the design is notwithin the original design assumptions, a design review mightbe in order.5.6 Design the Transport Package :5.6.1 After basic materials and information are establishedin the previous steps, the designer can then systematicallydevelop a transport packag
48、e, and unit load where appropriate.Each component of the transport package is analyzed forstrength and other required properties and compared to tech-nical data available from suppliers. Some packaging materialshave good design data available, but most do not. Designersfrequently rely on experience
49、to reach a successful solution,but others may find that lack of information makes it difficultto arrive at an optimum solution. Such lack of information mayrequire that the designer approach the supplier or suppliersinvolved to request that they take whatever steps are necessaryto provide the information needed. If this approach is notfeasible, third-party laboratories, consultants, or academicinstitutions may be an alternative resource.5.6.2 Evaluation and improvement of package design can beshortened by conducting engineering tests in package devel-opment. Most helpful i
