1、Designation: D6199 07 (Reapproved 2012)D6199 18Standard Practice forQuality of Wood Members of Containers and Pallets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6199; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the q
3、uality requirements for three classes of hardwood and soft-wood members, excluding man-madeor fabricated wood composites, used in the construction of boxes, crates, pallets, and blocking and bracing.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in p
4、arentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This practicestandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices anddetermine th
5、e applicability of the regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations iss
6、uedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based ProductsD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wo
7、od and Wood-Based MaterialsD6253 Practice for Treatment and/or Marking of Wood Packaging Materials2.2 MHIA/ANSI Standard:3MHIA/ANSI MH12005 Pallets, Slip Sheets, and Other Bases for Unit Loads2.3 IPPC Standard:4ISPM 15 Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade3. Terminology3.1 Def
8、initionsGeneral definitions for packaging and distribution environments are found in Terminology D996. Generaldefinitions for wood are found in Terminology D9.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 brash, ndecay characteristic, which is the breaking of the grain without splintering
9、.3.2.2 crate frame members, nthose parts which form the fundamental structure upon which the strength and rigidity of cratesdepend.3.2.3 diagonals, nframe members placed at angles of nearly 45 to other frame members, to ensure the rigidity of the crate.3.2.4 linderman joint, nglued dove-tailed joint
10、 between two or more pieces of wood.3.2.5 longitudinal frame members, nhorizontal members of the side, end, and top panels of crates.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12 on Shipping Containers, Crates,Pal
11、lets, Skids and Related Structures.Current edition approved April 1, 2012March 1, 2018. Published May 2012April 2018. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 asD6199 97 (2007).D6199 07 (2012). DOI: 10.1520/D6199-07R12.10.1520/D6199-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, v
12、isit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Material Handling Industry MH1 Secretariat, 8720 Red Oak Blvd., Suite 201, Ch
13、arlotte, NC 28217, http:/www.mhiastore.org.4 International Plant Protection Convention Secretariat (IPPC), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy, https:/www.ippc.int/en/.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of wha
14、t changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the
15、 official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.6 punk, ndecay characteristic, which is very dry, powdery, and crumbly wood.3.2.7 siftproofness, nthe prohibition of the migration of material, of any size, from t
16、he interior to the exterior of a container.3.2.8 struts, nvertical frame members placed between the upper and lower frame members of the side and end panels of a cratethat serve as columns for supporting vertical stacking loads.4. Significance and Use4.1 Each wood member contains a combination of ch
17、aracteristics which affects the performance of the container or pallet inwhich it is used. The requirements for classes, herein specified, have been established as these characteristics are related to thefunctional application of members in container and pallet construction and to the service that t
18、he container or pallet may be calledupon to perform.4.2 Any other specified requirements or limitations peculiar to a particular container or pallet construction or use, such asprohibiting knotholes or loose knots to provide siftproofness, limitation to certain wood groups or species, or the selecti
19、on ofapplicable classes for specific members of or types of containers or pallet shall be the responsibility of the standard for thatcontainer or pallet.5. Wood Member Classification5.1 Class 1Structural (highly stressed members).5.2 Class 2Structural (moderately stressed members).5.3 Class 3Non-str
20、uctural (lightly stressed members).6. Wood Characteristics6.1 Classification:6.1.1 GroupsFor the purposes of this practice, NorthAmerican wood species are broken into four groupings. These groupingsare general in nature (Table 1) and do not include all species of wood. Woods used specifically in pal
21、let construction are listed inMHIA/ANSI MH12005AppendixA31 according to similarities in mechanical properties, regional availability, and commercialuses in pallets. Table X1.1 provides a cross reference between the wood groups used herein and those listed in MHIA/ANSIMH12005.6.1.1.1 Group IThis grou
22、p embraces the softer woods of both the coniferous and the broad-leafed species. These woods arerelatively free from splitting in nailing, have moderate fastener withdrawal resistance, moderate strength as a beam, and moderateshock resisting capacity. They are soft, light in weight, easy to work, ho
23、ld their shape well in manufacture, and are normally easyto dry.6.1.1.2 Group IIThis group consists of heavier coniferous woods, only. These woods usually have a pronounced contrast inthe hardness of the springwood and the summerwood. They have a greater fastener withdrawal resistance than Group I w
24、oods, butare more likely to split, and the hard summerwood bands occasionally deflect the nails causing them to run out at the sides of thepiece.6.1.1.3 Group IIIThis group consists of hardwoods of medium density. These woods have about the same fastener withdrawalresistance and strength as a beam a
25、s the Group II woods, but are less likely to split and shatter under impacts. The species in thisgroup are the most useful for constructing box ends and cleats. They also furnish most of the rotary-cut veneers for wireboundboxes and plywood panels for construction of plywood boxes.6.1.1.4 Group IVTh
26、is group consists of the high density hardwood species. They have both the greatest shock resistingcapacity and fastener withdrawal resistance, but because of their extreme hardness present difficulties with respect to the drivingTABLE 1 Wood GroupsGroup IAspen Basswood Buckeye Cedar ChestnutCottonw
27、ood Cypress Fir (true firs) Magnolia PineARedwood Spruce Willow Yellow poplar Red alderGroup IIDouglas fir Hemlock Southern yellow pine TamarackWestern larchGroup IIIAshB California black oak California mapleSoft Elm Soft maple Sweetgum Sycamore TupeloGroup IVBeech Birch Hackberry Hard maple Hickory
28、Oak Pecan Rock elm White ashA Except Southern yellow pine.B Except White ash.D6199 182of nails, plus the greatest tendency to split at the nails. They are the heaviest and hardest domestic woods and are difficult to work.They are especially useful where high fastener withdrawal resistance is require
29、d and many of them make excellent rotary cutveneers for wirebound and plywood boxes.6.1.2 SpeciesThe species of wood, in the four groups, that may be used for wood members of containers or pallets areclassified as indicated in Table 1 (see Appendix X1, Table X1.1, for groups specific to pallet const
30、ruction). When it is stipulatedthat members shall be fabricated from a particular wood group, the species within that group may be mixed together or usedinterchangeably.6.2 SurfacesRough lumber is permitted in the construction of the crate bases, sheathed-crate framing, boxes, and pallets. Forbox an
31、d crate sheathing, at least one surface of all wood members will be sufficiently smooth to permit legible marking.6.3 Dimensional Requirements:6.3.1 When nominal sizes of lumber are specified, the minimum sizes shall be as shown in Table 2.6.3.2 When sizes of wood members other than the nominals cit
32、ed in Table 2 are specified, undersizing in thickness and widthshall not be permitted in more than 10 % of the number of pieces. In addition, these parts shall be no thinner than 78 of the statedthickness and no narrower than 14 in. (6 mm) less than the stated width. An exception to this requirement
33、 is that if members ofnailed-wood boxes 38 in. (10 mm) or more in thickness are surfaced on both sides (to protect the contents) then the thickness maybe 132 in. (1 mm) less than stated.6.3.3 When nominal 2 in. (50 mm) thick lumber is resawn to obtain 1 in. (25 mm) nominal thick members, the resulti
34、ngminimum thickness shall be 1116 in. (18 mm) for dry lumber; except that for Class 1 structural members, which shall be 34 in. (20mm).6.4 Moisture ContentContainer and pallet members shall have a moisture content (as measured by an electric type moisturemeter or by the oven drying method), at the t
35、ime of fabrication, of not greater than 19 % nor less than 9 % of their ovendry weight.6.4.1 Methods of Determination:6.4.1.1 Moisture MetersMeters measuring moisture contents ranging as high as 30 % shall be used to determine moisturecontent of Group IV pallet members. Meters measuring moisture con
36、tents as high as 25 % shall be used for all other woodmembers. The accuracy of the meter used shall be 61 % of true moisture content. Electric-type moisture meters may be either theresistance type or radio frequency power loss type except that only the resistance type may be used on rough sawn lumbe
37、r. Inaddition, readings using the resistance type meters shall be made only after the pins have penetrated to a depth of one-fourth thethickness of the piece being tested.6.4.1.2 Oven-Drying MethodSamples shall be tested in accordance with Method A or B of Test Method D4442, except thatno sample sha
38、ll be less than 1 oz (2835 mg).6.5 Wood DefectsMembers shall be so selected and cut so that allowable defects or imperfection will not occur in positionsthat would interfere with the prescribed fabrication or assembly of the container or pallet.6.5.1 DecayAny form of visible decay shall not be permi
39、tted. Stains or discoloration, not associated with decay, will beacceptable, except for discoloration that would interfere with marking on the outside of the container or the pallet. Decay shall bedetected by use of the pick test. The pick test is performed with a knife or chisel by lifting up some
40、of the grain or fibers. If thematerial is softer, more punky, or more brash than healthy wood of the same species, it is decay. Suspicious areas are usuallyabnormally brown, bleached looking, or mottled and indicated by the absence of luster that is present in normal wood.6.5.2 Checks, Splits, and S
41、hakesChecks, splits, and shakes that are not longer than the width of the member will be permitted.Checks that do not extend through the full thickness of the member are permitted.6.5.3 WarpThe bow in a member shall not exceed 116 in. (2 mm) per foot (300 mm) of length. The cup in a member shallnot
42、exceed 14 in. (6 mm) in an 8 in. (200 mm) width, 18 in. (3 mm) in a 4 in. (100 mm) width, or a like proportion in other widths.The twist in a member shall not exceed 14 in. (6 mm) per foot of length in an 8 in. (200 mm) width, 18 in. (3 mm) per foot oflength in a 4 in. (100 mm) width, or a like prop
43、ortion in other widths.TABLE 2 Relationship of Nominal to Minimum Dimensions forDry LumbersThickness(Smaller Dimension)Width(Larger Dimension)Nominalin. (mm)Minimumin. (mm)Nominalin. (mm)Minimumin. (mm)1 (25) 34 (20) 2 (50) 1 12 (40)2 (50) 1 12 (40) 3 (75) 2 12 (65)3 (75) 2 12 (65) 4 (100) 3 12 (90)
44、4 (100) 3 12 (90) 5 (125) 4 12 (115)5 (125) 12 (12) off 6 (150) 5 12 (140)and thicker 7 (175) 6 12 (165)8 (200) 34 (20) offand widerD6199 1836.5.4 KnotsSound knots, loose knots, knot holes, and knot clusters shall be measured and restricted as specified in Table 3.The sum of the width of the knots w
45、ithin a length equal to the width of the member in which they occur shall not exceed themaximum allowable width of a single knot for that piece (see Fig. 1).6.5.5 WaneWane shall not be permitted on any member.6.6 Cross GrainThe slope of the cross grain shall be limited in accordance with Table 3. Th
46、e slope of the cross grain shallbe measured by the angle between the general direction of the grain and the longitudinal axis of the member and shall be expressedas a ratio. Slight local deviations of the grain shall be disregarded.6.7 Combined GrainsWhen a member has both diagonal and spiral grain
47、(see Fig. 2), the combined damaging effect shall betaken into account. This effect can be computed by combining the apparent slope of grain on the two adjacent faces of the member.When each of the slopes are expressed as a ratio to 1, that is, 1 in 18 and 1 in 12, the combined slope is the square ro
48、ot of thesum of the squares of the slopes (combined slope = square root of (118)2 + (112)2 = 0.1000 or 1 in 10). A convenient method ofmeasuring the slope of cross grain is by using a sharply pointed steel scribe (see Fig. 3).The scribe should be drawn in the directionin which the grain seems to run
49、. Apply enough pressure so that the point penetrates the wood slightly. Allow enough freedom oflateral movement to permit the point to follow the grain.6.8 Built-Up Sheathing MembersMembers to be used for the sheathing of sides, ends, tops, or bottoms of boxes or crates maybe built up by joining pieces together at their edges using one of the following methods: Linderman joint and glue; butt joint andglue; or tongue and groove joint and glue. The glue shall be of a water-resistant type that will provide the desired
