1、Designation: D6477 131Standard Terminology Relating toTire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6477; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTETerms were added editorially in September 2016.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitionsdeveloped by
3、Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fab-rics.1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tirecord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outsidethe tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilationsor in dictionaries of general usage.1.3 In addition to being a spe
4、cialized dictionary, this termi-nology is also a tool for managing the Subcommitteesterminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventingredundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to thesame concept are defined in different words.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123
5、 Terminology Relating to TextilesD885 Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, andIndustrial Filament Yarns Made from ManufacturedOrganic-Base FibersD1871 Test Method for Adhesion Between Tire Bead Wireand RubberD2229 Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cordsand RubberD2692 Test Metho
6、d for Air Wicking of Tire Fabrics, TireCord Fabrics, Tire Cord, and YarnsD2969 Test Methods for Steel Tire CordsD2970/D2970M Test Methods for Testing Tire Cords, TireCord Fabrics, and Industrial Yarns Made From GlassFilamentsD4393 Test Method for Strap Peel Adhesion of ReinforcingCords or Fabrics to
7、 Rubber CompoundsD4776 Test Method for Adhesion of Tire Cords and OtherReinforcing Cords to Rubber Compounds by H-TestProcedureD4974 Test Method for Hot Air Thermal Shrinkage of Yarnand Cord Using a Thermal Shrinkage OvenD4975 Test Methods for Single-Filament Tire Bead WireMade from SteelD5591 Test
8、Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarnand Cord With a Thermal Shrinkage Force TesterD6320 Test Methods for Single Filament Hose ReinforcingWire Made from SteelD6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, HoseReinforcing Wire, and FabricsD6611 Test Method for Wet and Dry Yarn-on-Yarn Abras
9、ionResistance3. Terminologyabrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of a material byrubbing against another surface. D6611adhesion, nin tire fabrics, the force required to separate atextile material from rubber or other elastomer by a definiteprescribed method. D1871, D2229, D4393, D4776adhesion, nth
10、e property denoting the ability of a material toresist delamination or separation into two or more layers.D6477adhesive treated tire cord, na tire cord whose adhesion torubber or other elastomer has been improved by the appli-cation of a dip followed by rapid drying and (normally)additional heat tre
11、atment. D5591air wicking, n in tires, the passage of air longitudinally alongor through yarns in a fabric that has been encased and curedin rubber or other elastomer, that is, air permeability in theplane of the fabric. D2692apex angle, nthe angle formed between the incoming andoutgoing yarn at the
12、top (and bottom) of the inter-wrappedyarn area in the static condition.DISCUSSIONIn yarn abrasion testing, the state of a yarn, which hasbeen soaked for a prescribed period of time in water before testing andthen immersed in water during the abrasion test. D66111This terminology is under the jurisdi
13、ction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers andMetallic Reinforcements.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D647711. DOI:10.1520/D647
14、7-13E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
15、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1applied tension, nIn yarn abrasion testing, the static tensionexerted on the weighted end of the yarn by the appliedweight.DISCUSSIONTension in the yarn varies along its length during eachcycle because of friction and dynamic effects. The
16、tension at any pointin the interwrapped yarn region and at any time may differ substantiallyfrom the applied tension but is a function of that applied tension.D6611breaking force, nthe maximum force applied to a materialcarried to rupture.DISCUSSIONMaterials that are brittle usually rupture at the m
17、axi-mum force. Materials that are ductile are usually capable of withstand-ing the maximum force without rupturing. For many years, it has beenthe usual practice in the tire industry and related industries to use theterm breaking strength to characterize yarn and cord of a specified sizeand type wit
18、hout consideration of their unit size. Numerically, breakingstrength is equal to breaking force for the same specimen. The averageof the breaking forces observed on two or more specimens of a specificsample is referred to as the sample breaking strength, which is theproperty used in engineering calc
19、ulations for a specific textile material.Tensile strength and breaking tenacityare derived or calculated valuesfor materials that include consideration of the unit size of the materials.These terms can be used to compare intrinsic strengths of yarns andcords of different sizes or different materials
20、. The term tensile strength,in MPA (psi), is not synonymous hit either breaking force or breakingstrength, in N (lbf), or breaking tenacity, in mN/tex (gf/den). D885,D2970/D2970M, D4975, D6320breaking strength, nthe ability or capacity of a specificmaterial to withstand the ultimate tensile load or
21、forcerequired for rupture. (See also tensile strength).DISCUSSION Breaking strength is particularly significant as thecharacteristic of a sample as distinct from a specimen, and is usuallyexpressed as newtons (N) or pounds-force (lbf). See discussion forbreaking force. D885breaking tenacity, nthe te
22、nacity at the breaking force.DISCUSSIONSee discussion for breaking force. D885, D2970/D2970Mcatenary length, nthe difference between the length of theshortest and the longest component in a plied yarn or cablescord after twisting. D2970/D2970Mchafer fabric, nwoven fabric, usually coated with unvulca
23、-nized rubber, which is laid around the bead of a tire beforevulcanization.DISCUSSIONChafer fabric is used to reinforce the outer layer ofrubber on the tire bead to provide an abrasion resistant surface incontact with the wheel rim. In the case of tubeless tires, the chaferfabric is usually made wic
24、kproof to prevent air leaking from the inflatedtire. D2692, D4393cord, na twisted or formed structure composed of one ormore single or plied filaments, strands, or yarns of organicpolymer or inorganic materials.DISCUSSIONCord, as used in these test methods, is used for themanufacture of pneumatic ti
25、res or other industrial fabrics. The directionof twist used to combine the single or plied yarn elements into a cordconstruction is in the direction opposite to that used in the yarns.Frequently, tire and other reinforcing cords consist of a single yarnstrand having little or no twist. These cords a
26、s well as singlemonofilaments, are used synonymously with twisted and plied cords inthis test method. D885, D4776, D5591cord twist, nthe amount of twist in a cord made from two ormore single or plied yarns.DISCUSSIONCord twist is based on the initial length of a cordspecimen. Cord twist is expressed
27、 as the number of turns divided by thelength of the untwisted cord. D885, D2970/D2970Mcore, na filament or strand that serves as an extended axisabout which other elements can be wound. D2969curing, nsee the preferred term vulcanization. D1871,D4393, D4776cycles to failure, CTF, nin yarn abrasion te
28、sting, thenumber of cycles applied to the yarn before it fails due toabrasion.DISCUSSIONFailure is considered to occur when the yarn is com-pletely separated. D6611dip, na chemical composition that is applied to a textile cordor fabric to improve its adhesion to rubber or otherelastomer. D885, D2970
29、/D2970Mdip pick-up, nthe amount of dip or dip components presentin a textile cord or fabric after processing, expressed as apercentage of the mass of the oven-dried dip-free material.D885, D2970/D2970Mdirection of lay, nthe helical disposition of the componentsof a strand or cord.DISCUSSIONThe stran
30、d or cord has an “S” or left hand lay if, whenheld vertically, the spirals around the central axis of the strand or cordconform in the direction of slope to the central portion of the letter “S”;and “Z”, or righthand lay, if the spirals conform in direction of slope tothe central portion of the lett
31、er “Z”. D2969direction of twist, nsee direction of lay. D2969dry, adjthe state of a yarn which has not been exposed toexcessive moisture. D6611elongation, nthe ratio of the extension of a material to thelength of the material prior to stretching.DISCUSSIONElongation may be measured at any specified
32、force or atrupture. D885, D6320fabric , nin textiles, a planar structure consisting of yarns orfibers.DISCUSSIONIn tire cord, fabrics are produced with tire cord warpyarns interlaced with widely spaced filling yarns. D885, D2970/D2970Mfabric dip, nfor tire fabrics, a chemical composition whichis app
33、lied to a textile cord or fabric to improve its adhesionto rubber compounds. D4393filament, nin steel cord, the individual element in a steelstrand or cord source. D6477flare, nthe spreading of the filament ends or the strand endsat the cut end of a steel tire cord, expressed as the unraveledlength.
34、 D2969greige cord, n in tire cords, a cord that has not been adhesivetreated, heat treated, or otherwise treated before use (seecord). D4974, D5591D6477 1312greige tire cord, na tire cord that has not been dip treated orheat treated before use (see tire cord). D5591growth, nthe increase one or more
35、dimensions of an objector a material.DISCUSSIONThe increase in length of a specimen caused by theapplication of a continuing load or force under specified conditions.D885high elongation, adjin steel tire cord, a cord with an averageelongation at break greater than 3.0 %. D2969high-modulus aramid, nf
36、or the purpose of these testmethods, those aramid yarns with an initial modulus of atleast 400 gf/den (35 N/tex). D6477holland cloth, na completely filled woven fabric having asmooth gloss finish on both sides used as a separatingmedium for sheeted rubber compounds. D1871, D4393hose reinforcing wire
37、, na single filament of steel wire witha metallic coating (usually brass) used in the reinforcementof a rubber or other elastomer hose. D1871, D6320H-test adhesion, nthe force to extract either end of a textilecord structure that is embedded in a rubber compound underspecified conditions. D4776indus
38、trial yarn, na yarn composed of continuous filaments,usually of high breaking tenacity, produced with or withouttwist, and intended for applications in which functionalproperties are of primary importance; for example, in rein-forcing material in elastomeric products (tires, hose,belting), in protec
39、tive coverings, and in cordage andwebbing, and so forth. D885, D2970/D2970M, D4776initial modulus, nthe slope of the initial straight portion ofa stress-strain (or force elongation) curve.DISCUSSIONModulus is the ratio of the change in tenacity, ex-pressed in millinewtons per tex (mN/tex) or grams-f
40、orce per denier(gf/den) to the change in strain, expressed as a fraction of the originallength. In the case of a tenacity elongation curve, the followingequation is used to calculated the initial modulus:initail modulus5tencaity/percent elongation!3100 D885,D2970/D2970Mlength of lay, nthe axial dist
41、ance required to make onecomplete revolution of any element of a strand or cord.D2969mill grain, nin rubber, grain which is imparted to rubbersheeting while being mixed or conditioned in a rubber milland which is parallel to the direction the rubber moves in themill. D1871moisture equilibrium for te
42、sting, nfor industrial yarns andtire cords, the condition reached when, after free exposure toa test atmosphere which is in motion, two successiveweighings not less than 4 h apart, show not more than 0.1 %progressive change in mass of the specimen or sample. D885percent elongation, nthe increase in
43、length of a specimenexpressed as a percentage of the original length. D4975pneumatic tire, na hollow tire that becomes load-bearingupon inflation with air, or other gas, to a pressure aboveatmospheric. D885, D5591reinforcing cord, na cord made from industrial yarns andused to provide added support t
44、o other materials, such astires, hose, belting, protective coverings, webbings, and soforth. D4776residual torsion, nrevolutions made by a specified length ofcord when one end is held in a fixed position and the otherallowed to turn freely. D2969retraction, nin yarns and cords, the reduction in leng
45、thwhen previous restraint is removed and relaxation isallowed, thus causing a directionally proportional increase inlinear density. D5591rope, na compact and flexible, generally torsionally balancedcontinuous structure, greater than 4-mm (332-in.) diameter,capable of applying or transmitting tension
46、 between twopoints. D6611rubber, na material that is capable of recovering from largedeformations quickly and forcibly, and can be, or already is,modified to a state in which it is essentially insoluble (butcan swell) in boiling solvent, such as benzene, methylethylketone, and ethanol-toluene azeotr
47、ope. D1871, D4393,D4776rubber compound, nas used in the manufacture of rubberarticles, an intimate mixture of elastomer(s) with all thematerials necessary for the finished article. D1871, D2229,D4393, D4776rubberize, vto impregnate or coat with rubber compound, orboth. D4393single twist, nthe amount
48、 of twist in each individual singleyarn element in a tire cord structure based on the length ofthe element after twist has been removed from the cord.D885standard atmosphere for testing textiles, nlaboratory con-ditions for testing fibers, yarns, and fabrics in which air andrelative humidity are mai
49、ntained at specific levels withestablished tolerances.DISCUSSIONAir is maintained at a relative humidity of 55 6 2% andat a temperature of 24 6 1C (75 6 2F) for this test method. D885,D2970/D2970M, D4974, D5591steel cord, na formed structure made of two or more steelfilaments when used as an end product or a combination ofstrands or filaments and strands. D2229, D2969, D4393steel cord wrap, na steel filament wound helically around asteel cord. D2969steel filament, nthe individual element in a steel strand
