1、Designation: D6669 12Standard Practice forSelecting and Constructing Exposure Scenarios forAssessment of Exposures to Alkyd and Latex InteriorPaints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6669; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides procedures for constructing sce-narios for assessment of i
3、nhalation exposure to airborneemissions of chemicals released from alkyd or latex paints thatare used indoors.1.2 The indoor environments covered in this practice, interms of considerations for developing exposure scenarios, areresidences and office buildings.1.3 Elements of the exposure scenarios i
4、nclude the productand chemical(s) to be assessed, the indoor environment wherethe product is applied, application of the product, chemicalemissions during and after product application, and location/activity patterns of individuals who may be exposed to theairborne chemical emissions.1.4 Steps to be
5、 performed after developing exposure sce-narios, such as monitoring, modeling and exposure/risk assess-ment, also are described.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to addre
6、ss all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1005 Test Meth
7、od for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness of Organic Coatings Using MicrometersD1212 Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thick-ness of Organic CoatingsD1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-terminations of Organic Em
8、issions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD6178 Practice for Estimation of Short-term InhalationExposure to Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted fromBedding SetsD6485 Guide for Risk Characterization ofAcute and IrritantEffects of Short-Term Exposure to Volatile OrganicChemicals Emitted from Bedding SetsE7
9、41 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a SingleZone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice refer to Terminology D1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 emission profile, na time-series of emission rat
10、es ofone or more compounds.3.2.2 exposure scenario, na description of how and wherean estimated exposure occurs, including (1) the location andemission profile of the product or material that causes expo-sure, (2) the indoor environment where the individual isexposed to airborne emissions from the p
11、roduct or material,and (3) the location and activity patterns of the exposedindividual.3.2.3 potential inhaled dose, nthe product of air concen-tration to which an individual is exposed times breathing ratetimes duration of exposure.3.2.4 short-term exposure, nan exposure of one week orless in durat
12、ion.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice documents the items that need to bedescribed when developing an exposure scenario for assess-ment of exposures to chemicals released indoors from alkyd or1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct respons
13、ibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D6669 - 01a(2007)1.DOI: 10.1520/D6669-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM
14、 Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.latex paints. Important consid
15、erations are discussed for eachitem, along with examples or alternatives where appropriate.4.2 An exposure scenarioa description of how and wherean estimated exposure occursincludes the following ele-ments for paints used indoors (that is, interior paints):4.2.1 The product and chemical(s) to be ass
16、essed.4.2.2 The indoor environment where the product is applied,including properties such as volume and airflow rate.4.2.3 The amount and rate of product use.4.2.4 Chemical emissions during and after paint application.4.2.5 Locations and breathing rates of an individual, orindividuals, who may be ex
17、posed to the airborne chemicalemissions.4.3 Further considerations discussed in this practice includetypical versus conservative assumptions, short-term versuslong-term exposure perspectives, alkyd versus latex paints, andresidential versus office settings.4.4 More than one exposure scenario can be
18、constructed.The practice also provides a list of elements to be includedwhen comparing multiple scenarios.5. Significance and Use5.1 Increasing attention is being paid to human exposure toairborne chemicals from products or materials used indoors,for two reasons:5.1.1 Individuals spend substantial f
19、ractions of their timeindoors.5.1.2 Such exposures can occur repeatedly throughout oneslifetime.5.2 The primary objectives of this practice are as follows:5.2.1 To list the elements that need to be considered indeveloping a scenario to describe how exposure occurs tochemicals emitted from alkyd or l
20、atex interior paints.5.2.2 To discuss procedures and alternatives for choosingand describing these elements.5.3 Elements of an exposure scenario, in turn, are used topractice a subsequent step of estimating exposures throughmonitoring studies or computer modeling exercises.5.4 Once exposures have be
21、en estimated, the results can beused to assess the potential impacts of a specific paintformulation on the health of exposed individuals, or to com-pare the relative impacts of alternative formulations.5.5 Estimation of exposures, or comparisons of estimatedexposures across alternative paint formula
22、tions, can lead todevelopment of environmentally preferable products by mini-mizing adverse health effects for exposed individuals.6. Procedures for Developing Exposure Scenarios6.1 Describing the Product and Chemical(s):6.1.1 Chemical emissions can vary according to the type ofpaint and painted sub
23、strate. Describe the following:6.1.1.1 Alkyd or latex paint.6.1.1.2 Flat, gloss, or semi-gloss paint.6.1.1.3 Physical properties such as paint density, cm3.6.1.1.4 Typical applications of the paint, in terms of (1) typeof substrate to which it is applied (for example, gypsumwallboard vs. wood/trim v
24、s. metal) and (2) type of room (forexample, bedroom vs. bathroom or kitchen).6.1.1.5 Typical warnings or advice on the paint container(for example, “Use in a well-ventilated area”).6.1.2 The pattern and potential impact of chemical emis-sions over time can vary by chemical. Describe the following:6.
25、1.2.1 Physical/chemical properties of the chemical(s) un-der investigation, such as molecular weight and vapor pressure.6.1.2.2 Role of the chemical(s) in the paint (for example,solvent).6.1.2.3 Weight fraction of the chemical(s) in the paint.6.1.2.4 Toxicity information, such as that commonly re-po
26、rted in Material Safety Data Sheets.6.1.3 Chemical emissions can be affected by environmentalfactors such as temperature and humidity. These factors arediscussed in 6.2. The pattern of chemical emissions also candepend on factors such as the paint application method, theamount of paint applied, and
27、the rate of application. Thesefactors are discussed in 6.3.6.2 Describing the Indoor Environment Where the ProductIs Applied:6.2.1 Describe the size/volume and general configuration ofthe environment (for example, a two-story residence consistingof eight rooms with a volume of 425 m3). Specific cons
28、ider-ations for residential versus office buildings are discussedunder 6.6. Distributions for volumes of U.S. residences arepresented in the Exposure Factors Handbook (1).36.2.2 Describe the indoor-outdoor air change rate (for ex-ample, in h-1or air changes per hour, ACH) and associatedconditions su
29、ch as opening of doors/windows and use ofexhaust/circulation fans. Distributions for air change rates ofU.S. residences are presented in the Exposure Factors Hand-book (1). Persily (2) has measured air change rates in a limitedset of office buildings.6.2.3 DiscussionWhen conducting an actual exposur
30、eassessment, as opposed to constructing an exposure scenario toguide the assessment, it may be preferable to replace assump-tions regarding air change rates with actual measurements,using methods such as those described in Test Method E741.6.2.4 Describe the fraction of the building (or buildingvolu
31、me) that is being painted. It usually is convenient toconceptualize the building as consisting of two indoor airspacesa painted space and an unpainted space, with commu-nicating air flows between the two spacesas illustrated inFig. 1.6.2.5 Describe the airflow rates between the painted andunpainted
32、spaces. The flows in the two directions are notnecessarily equal, but it is often convenient to assume so. Morethan two indoor spaces can be specified, but the number of3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis practice.FIG. 1 Conceptualization of a Paint
33、ed BuildingD6669 122airflow rates will increase rapidly (for example, 2 rates for 2spaces, 6 rates for 3 spaces, 12 rates for 4 spaces).6.2.6 DiscussionIn specifying air flows it is important tomaintain a flow balance; that is, for any air space or zone, thesum of air flows entering the zone should
34、equal the sum ofexiting air flows. One relatively simple means of accomplish-ing this is to assume that the airflow rates to/from outdoors areproportional to the air change rate (for example, if the zonevolume is 100 m3and the air change rate is 0.5 h-1, then theairflow rate to/from outdoors is 50 m
35、3/h) and that the airflowrates between the two zones are the same in both directions.Aswith other elements describing an exposure scenario, assump-tions here ultimately should be replaced by measurementswhere possible. However, airflow measurements (typicallyinvolving the use of multiple tracer gase
36、s) are not simple toperform. A possible alternative is to use an indoor-air modelthat can model air flows, such as CONTAM (3) or COMIS (4).The MCCEM model (5) has a built-in library of airflow ratesfor a variety of residences.6.2.7 Describe the outdoor concentration for the chemi-cals(s) of concern
37、assumed to prevail during and following thepainting event. Often the outdoor concentration of the chemi-cal(s) being assessed is low relative to that indoors, such thatan assumption of zero concentration outdoors is not unreason-able. Even if a non-zero-concentration is assumed, the estima-tion proc
38、ess can be simplified by assuming that the outdoorconcentration is constant over time.6.2.8 Describe the environmental conditions of the indoorspace where paint is to be applied. Conditions such astemperature and relative humidity are particularly important, asthese can affect the rate of chemical e
39、missions.6.2.9 Indoor-air concentrations of chemicals released frompaint can be affected by certain types of materials that absorb(and sometimes desorb) emitted chemicals. Describe wall,ceiling and floor materials as well as furnishings such asupholstered furniture or draperies. The preferred method
40、 fordocumenting the presence of such materials is to note theirloading rates (that is, ratio of surface area to indoor volume, inunits of m2/m3).6.3 Describing the Product Application:6.3.1 Describe the substrate that is being paintedgypsumwallboard, wood, metal, etc.and indicate whether it ever has
41、been painted before.6.3.2 Indicate whether the substrate is being painted withprimer only, paint only, or primer plus paint.6.3.3 Indicate the number of coats of primer/paint beingapplied.6.3.4 Indicate the drying time(s) between successive coatsof primer/paint.6.3.5 Indicate the total amount of pri
42、mer/paint being used.This quantity, commonly expressed in litres, can indicated orcalculated in any of the following ways:6.3.5.1 If the actual quantity used is known, then indicatethat quantity.6.3.5.2 If the painted surface area is known, then the amountapplied (A) can be estimated as follows:Apai
43、nted surface area/coverage per coat!3 number of coats for example, 100 m2/10 m2/L! 3 2 coats5 20 L! (1)6.3.5.3 If the wet film thickness in m is known (see TestMethods D1005 and D1212), it can be converted to coverageper coat using the following formula:Coverage per coat m2/L! 5 1000/wet film thickn
44、ess m! (2)The amount applied can then be calculated as in 6.3.5.2.6.3.5.4 If the volume of the painted space is known and ifwalls or ceilings are being painted, then the painted surfacearea can be estimated from the following relationships given inthe Exposure Factors Handbook (1) for residences:Wal
45、l area m2! volume m3! 3 0.95 (3)Ceiling area m2! volume m3! 3 0.43The amount applied can then be calculated as in 6.3.5.2.6.3.6 Indicate the product application rate (for example,L/h). This rate can depend on factors such as applicationmethod (roller, brush, spray) and the number of painters.Indicat
46、e the application method and number of painters alongwith the rate.6.3.7 Indicate the total duration of the painting event. Theduration can be calculated by dividing the total amount ofprimer or paint, or both used (in L) by the application rate (inL/h), assuming a constant application rate. The dry
47、ing time(s)between successive coats needs to be added to the paintingtime to obtain the total duration. In cases where the duration isrelatively long (for example, 8 h), indicate the number ofpainting hours per day and the resultant number of paintingdays.6.4 Describing the Chemical Emissions from t
48、he Paint:6.4.1 General Nature of Emissions Profile. When primer orpaint is applied quickly to a small specimen (as when conduct-ing a small-chamber test to characterize emissions), the chemi-cal emissions tend to be higher at first and then to decline overtime. Studies of airborne chemical concentra
49、tions in chambers(6, 7), following instantaneous application of paint to asubstrate such as gypsum wallboard, indicate that the decliningemission rate tends to follow a single-exponential model forchemicals released from alkyd paint and a double-exponentialmodel for chemicals released from latex paint.6.4.2 Direct Estimation of Emissions Profile. An emissionprofile for the chemical(s) of concern released from primer orpaint can be estimated using a small-chamber facility (seeGuide D5116)by(1) applying the primer/paint to the substrateof interest and determin
