1、Designation: D 6681 05An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-CylinderDiesel EngineCaterpillar 1P Test Procedure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、ear oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory without outside ass
3、istance can use the test method described inthis standard. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2provides calibration oils and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By this means the laboratorywill know whether their use of the test method gives results
4、statistically similar to those obtained byother laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services inseeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S.Army has such a requirementin some of its engine oil specifications. Accordingly
5、, this test method is written for those laboratoriesthat use the TMC services. Laboratories that choose not to use these services should ignore thoseportions of the test method that refer to the TMC. Information Letters issued periodically by the TMCmay modify this method.3In addition, the TMC may i
6、ssue supplementary memoranda related to thetest method.1. Scope1.1 This test method is required to evaluate the performanceof engine oils intended to satisfy certain American PetroleumInstitute (API) C service categories (included in SpecificationD 4485). It is performed in a laboratory using a stan
7、dardizedhigh-speed, single-cylinder diesel engine.4Piston and ringgroove deposit-forming tendency and oil consumption is mea-sured. The piston, the rings, and the liner are also examined fordistress and the rings for mobility.1.2 All measurements made in accordance with this stan-dard shall use the
8、SI system of units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
9、use. Being an enginetest method, this standard does have definite hazards thatrequire safe practices (see Appendix X2 on Safety).1.4 The following is the Table of Contents:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus and Installation 6Intak
10、e Air System 6.2.1Exhaust System 6.2.2Fuel System 6.2.3Oil Consumption System 6.2.4Engine Oil System 6.2.5Oil Heating System 6.2.5.1Oil Sample Valve 6.2.5.2Engine Coolant System 6.2.6Engine Instrumentation 6.2.7Reagents and Materials 7Oil Samples 8Preparation of Apparatus 9General Engine Assembly Pr
11、actices 9.1Complete Engine Inspection 9.2Copper Components 9.3Engine Lubricant System Flush 9.4Engine Piston Cooling Jets 9.5Engine Measurements and Inspections 9.6Cylinder Head 9.7Valve Guide Bushings 9.8Fuel Injector 9.9Piston and Rings 9.10Cylinder Liner 9.11Compression Ratio 9.12Engine Timing 9.
12、13Engine Coolant System Cleaning Procedure 9.141This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Origina
13、llyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 668104.2ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA152064489.3This edition incorporates revisions contained in all information letters through05-1. Users of this test method shall contact the ASTM Test Monitoring
14、Center toobtain the most recent information letters.4Available from Caterpillar Inc., Engine System Technology Development, P.O.Box 610, Mossville, IL 61552-0610.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.SectionCalibration and
15、Standardization 10Test Cell Instrumentation 10.1Instrumentation Standards 10.2Coolant Flow 10.3Re-calibration Requirements 10.4Fuel Injectors 10.5Air Flow 10.6Intake Air Barrel 10.7Fuel Filter 10.8Oil Scale Flow Rates 10.9Calibration of Test Stands 10.10Extending Test Stand Calibration Period 10.11T
16、est Run Numbering 10.13Humidity Calibration Requirements 10.14Calibration of Piston Deposit Raters 10.15Procedure 11Engine Break-in Procedure 11.1Cool-down Procedure 11.2Warm-up Procedure 11.3Shutdowns and Lost Time 11.4Periodic Measurements 11.5Engine Control Systems 11.6Engine Coolant 11.6.1Engine
17、 Fuel System 11.6.2Engine Oil Temperature 11.6.3Exhaust Pressure 11.6.4Intake Air 11.6.5Post-Test Procedures 11.7Piston Ring Side Clearances 11.7.1Piston Ratings 11.7.2Referee Ratings 11.7.3Ring End Gap Increase 11.7.4Cylinder Liner Wear 11.7.5Cylinder Liner Bore Polish 11.7.6Photographs 11.7.7Calcu
18、lation and Interpretation of Results 12Test Validity 12.1Calculations 12.2Quality Index 12.2.1Oil Consumption 12.2.2Report 13Forms and Data Dictionary 13.1Test Validity 13.2Report Specifics 13.3Precision and Bias 14Precision 14.1Bias 14.1.4Keywords 15AnnexesEngine and Parts Warranty Annex A1Instrume
19、nt Locations, Measurements, and Calculations Annex A2Cooling System Arrangement Annex A3Intake Air Mass Flow Sensor Installation Annex A4Fuel System Design and Required Components Annex A5Oil System Annex A6Exhaust and Intake Barrel Piping Annex A7Humidity Probe Installation (Location) Annex A8Retur
20、n Goods Authorization (Claim Form) Annex A9Engine Assembly Information Annex A10Flushing Instructions and Apparatus Annex A11Warm-up, Cool-down and Testing Conditions Annex A12Piston and Liner Rating Modifications Annex A13Additional Report Forms Annex A14Test Report Forms Annex A15AppendixesVarious
21、 Examples for Reference Purposes Appendix X1Safety Appendix X22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:5D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Prod
22、uctsD 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion fromPetroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish TestD 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of D
23、ynamic Viscos-ity)D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD 1319 Test Method for Hydroca
24、rbon Types in LiquidPetroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD 2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of DistillateFuel Oil (Accelerated Method)D 2425 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in MiddleDistillates by Mass SpectrometryD 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD 2
25、622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD 3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gaso-line, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Pote
26、ntiometric Method)D 3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used DieselEngine Oils by Gas ChromatographyD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4485 Specification for Perfor
27、mance of Engine OilsD 4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination byPotentiometric TitrationD 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity ofTwo-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine LubricantsD 5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments, Wear Metals and Contaminants in Used LubricatingOi
28、ls and Determination of Selected Elements in Base Oilsby Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spec-trometry (ICP-AES)D 5302 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in a5For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
29、 orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D6681052Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled withGasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty ConditionsD 5
30、844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID)D 5862 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in theTwo-Stroke Cycle Turbo-Supercharged 6V92TA DieselEngineD 6202 Test Method for Automotive Engine Oils on theFuel Economy of Passenger Cars and Light-D
31、uty Trucks inthe Sequence VIA Spark-Ignition EngineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion2.2 SAE Standard:SAE J183 Engine Oil Performance a
32、nd Engine ServiceClassification62.3 API Standard:API 1509 Engine Service Classification and Guide toCrankcase Oil Selection73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 additive, na material added to another, usually in asmall amount, to impart or enhance desirable properties or tosuppress undesirable proper
33、ties. D 41753.1.2 automotive, adjdescriptive of equipment associatedwith self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines. D 44853.1.3 blind reference oil, n- a reference oil, the identity ofwhich is unknown by the test facility. D 58443.1.3.1 DiscussionThis is a coded
34、 reference oil which issubmitted by a source independent from the test facility.3.1.4 blowby, nin internal combustion engine, the com-bustion products and unburned air-and-fuel mixture that enterthe crankcase. D 53023.1.5 calibrate, vto determine the indication or output ofa measuring device with re
35、spect to that of a standard. E 3443.1.6 calibrated test stand, na test stand on which thetesting of reference material(s), conducted as specified in thestandard, provided acceptable test results. Sub. B Glossary23.1.6.1 DiscussionIn several automotive lubricant stan-dard test methods, the ASTM Test
36、Monitoring Center providestesting guidance and determines acceptability.3.1.7 candidate oil, nan oil which is intended to have theperformance characteristics necessary to satisfy a specificationand is to be tested against that specification. D 58443.1.7.1 DiscussionThese oils are mainly submitted fo
37、rtesting as candidates to satisfy a specified performance; hencethe designation of the term.3.1.8 debris, nin internal combustion engines, solid con-taminant materials unintentionally introduced into the engineor resulting from wear. D 58623.1.9 dispersant, nin engine oil, an additive that reducesde
38、posits on oil-wetted surfaces primarily through suspension ofparticles. D 41753.1.10 engine oil, na liquid that reduces friction or wear,or both, between the moving parts within an engine; removesheat, particularly from the underside of pistons; and serves asa combustion gas sealant for the piston r
39、ings. D 58623.1.10.1 DiscussionIt may contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-tion, valve train wear, oil oxidation and, foaming are examples.3.1.11 heavy-duty, adjin internal combustion engine op-eration, characterized by average speeds, power out
40、put, andinternal temperatures that are close to the potential maximums.D 44853.1.12 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear, or both, betweenthem. D 58623.1.13 lubricating oil, na liquid lubricant, usually com-prising several ingredients, including a
41、 major portion of baseoil and minor portions of various additives. Sub. B Glos-sary23.1.14 oxidation, nof engine oil, the reaction of the oilwith an electron acceptor, generally oxygen, that can producedeleterious acidic or resinous materials often manifested assludge formation, varnish formation, v
42、iscosity increase, orcorrosion, or a combination thereof. Sub. B Glossary23.1.15 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a referenceoil; such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candi-date oil. D 58443.1.16 purchaser, nof an ASTM test, person or organiza-tion that pays for the conduct of an
43、 ASTM test method on aspecified product. D 62023.1.17 reference oil, nan oil of known performance char-acteristics, used as a basis for comparison. D 58443.1.17.1 DiscussionReference oils are used to calibratetesting facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, orto evaluate other material
44、(such as seals) that interact with oils.3.1.18 scoring, nin tribology, a severe form of wearcharacterized by the formation of extensive grooves andscratches in the direction of sliding. G403.1.19 scuff, scuffng, nin lubrication, damage caused byinstantaneous localized welding between surfaces in rel
45、ativemotion that does not result in immobilization of the parts.D 48633.1.20 sponsor, nof an ASTM test method, an organizationthat is responsible for ensuring supply of the apparatus used inthe test procedure portion of the test method. Sub. B Glos-sary23.1.20.1 DiscussionIn some instances, such as
46、a testmethod for chemical analysis, an ASTM working group can bethe sponsor of the test method. In other instances, a companywith a self-interest may or may not be the developer of the testprocedure used within the method, but is the sponsor of the testmethod.3.1.21 used oil, nany oil that has been
47、in a piece ofequipment (for example, an engine, gearbox, transformer, orturbine), whether operated or not. D 41756Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., 400 CommonwealthDrive, Warrendale, PA 15096.7Available from the American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street NW, Wash-ington DC, 2
48、0005.D66810533.1.22 varnish, nin internal combustion engines, a hard,dry, generally lustrous deposit that can be removed by solventsbut not by wiping with a cloth. D 53023.1.23 wear, nthe loss of material from, or relocation ofmaterial on, a surface. D 53023.1.23.1 DiscussionWear generally occurs be
49、tween twosurfaces moving relative to each other, and is the result ofmechanical or chemical action, or by a combination of me-chanical and chemical actions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Prior to each test, the power section of the engine isdisassembled, solvent-cleaned, measured, and rebuilt in strictaccordance with the specifications. A new piston, ring assem-bly, and cylinder liner are measured and installed for each test.The engine crankcase is solvent-cleaned and worn or defectiveparts are replaced. The test stand is equipped with feedbackcontrol sy
