1、Designation: D 6683 01Standard Test Method forMeasuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other BulkSolids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6683; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedure fordetermining a range of bulk densities of powders and otherbulk sol
3、ids as a function of compaction pressure.1.2 This test method should be performed in the laboratoryunder controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.1.3 This test method is similar to those of B 212-89(1995)Test Method for Apparent Density of Free-Flowing MetalPowders, D 29-86(1994) Test Metho
4、ds for Sampling andTesting Lac Resins, D 2854-89(1993) Test Method for Appar-ent Density of Activated Carbon.1.4 The values stated are in SI Units and are to be regardedas the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5、responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids2D 4753 Specification for E
6、valuating, Selecting, and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Testing Soil, Rock,and Related Construction Materials23. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms used in this test method shall be inaccordance with Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 area of the
7、 lid (Al)this is the area of the cover in m2.3.2.2 incremental height (hm)the height due to the addi-tion of weights in m.3.2.3 initial bulk density (r)the initial density (Kg/m3)when the cup is filled, prior to compressing the material withthe weights.3.2.4 initial height (Hi)the initial height pri
8、or to com-pressing the specimen in m.3.2.5 maximum consolidation pressure (Pm)the maximumdesired pressure at which a bulk density value is to bedetermined in kPa.3.2.6 maximum force (Wm)the weight that produces themaximum consolidation pressure (Pm) appropriate for theapplication: (Wm=Pm3 Al). Units
9、 are in kN.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Bulk density values are determined by measuring thevolume change of a given mass of bulk solid under increasingcompaction pressure conditions.5. Significance and Use5.1 The data from this test can be used to estimate the bulkdensity of materials in bins, hoppe
10、rs and for material handlingapplications such as silos.5.2 The test results can be greatly affected by the sampleselected for testing. For meaningful results it is necessary toselect a representative sample of the particulate solid withrespect to moisture content, particle size distribution andtempe
11、rature. For the tests an appropriate size sample should beavailable, and a fresh material should be used for eachindividual test specimen.5.3 Initial bulk density may or may not be used as theminimum bulk density. This will depend on the material beingtested.5.4 Bulk density values may be dependent
12、upon the mag-nitude of the load increments. Traditionally, the load is doubledfor each increment resulting in a load-increment ratio of 1.Smaller than standard load increment ratios may be desirablefor materials that are highly sensitive to the load incrementratio.5.5 Bulk density values may be depe
13、ndent upon the durationof each load increment. Traditionally, the load duration is thesame for each increment and equal to 15 s. For some materials,the rate of consolidation is such that complete consolidation(dissipation of excess pore pressure) will require significantlymore than 15 s.6. Apparatus
14、A schematic of the arrangement of the test apparatus of the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterizationand Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Publ
15、ished October 2001.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.system is shown in Fig. 1.6.1 Balance, having a capacity to determine mass by usingweight per class GP1 scale as per method
16、ASTM documentD 4753.6.2 Stand, to support the density cup, and to mount the dialindicator. The stand must be level and securely mounted on avibration free base to support the test apparatus.6.3 Density Cup, with cover to contain the test specimen.Density cup cover has a ball mounted in the center. T
17、he densitycup is to be a cylindrical cup with the minimum cell diameterof 64 mm and a minimum height of 21 mm or five times thediameter of the largest particle whichever results largest cellheight. The ratio of diameter to height must be at least 3:1.6.4 Weights, to be used with the weight hanger fo
18、r consoli-dation purposes.6.5 Weight Hanger, to support weights, and guide load ontothe density cup cover.6.6 Dial or Digital Displacement Indicator, to measureheight. Dial indicator should be able to read in 0.02 mmincrements.6.7 Plug, or gage block is used to zero the dial indicator andshould equa
19、l in length to the inside height of the density cup.6.8 Weight Support, to support weights as they are added tocompress the material.7. Preparation of Apparatus7.1 Calibrate the balance and set it on a sturdy table orbench for accurate measurement.7.2 Make sure that the density cup and cover are cle
20、an andfree of foreign material prior to starting each new test.7.3 Calibrate the weights and keep them clean of foreignmaterial.7.4 Select a minimum of five weights to be used accordingto the following procedure. Additional weights may be used ifmore data points are desired or required.7.4.1 Calcula
21、te the maximum force Wm. (This will be one ofthe weights.)7.4.2 Divide the maximum force Wmin half then in halfagain and continue until at least five weights have beenidentified.8. Procedure8.1 Determine the mass of the density cup and record thisvalue to the nearest 0.1 g on a test data sheet as th
22、e tare weight.8.2 Determine the weight of the cover and the weighthanger (this weight along with the spring force from the dialindicator, become the initial weight). Be sure this weight is lessthan the smallest weight to be used. These are to be recordedto the nearest 0.1 g on a test data sheet, and
23、 the total of thesewill be used as the first compression weight.8.3 Insert the plug, (or gage block) inside the density cup.Place the cover on the plug, next place the density cup on thetest stand, and then place the weight hanger on the cover.Position the dial indicator on the top of the weight han
24、ger, thenset the dial indicator to zero. Now carefully lift the plunger ofthe dial indicator far enough to be able to slide the density cupout from under the dial indicator so when the material is putFIG. 1 Test ApparatusD6683012into the density cup, you wont accidently bump the dialindicator.8.4 Re
25、move the weight hanger, then the cover and plug.8.5 Place the test specimen into a mixing bowl, and stir thematerial with a spatula to be assured the material hasntagglomerated from transit. Avoid segregation of material.8.6 Carefully spoon the material into the density cup asloosely as possible to
26、the point of overflowing. Scrape off allexcess material using a straight fiat scraper. The angle of thescraper as it is drawn across the density cup should be such thatit does not compress the sample in the cup. Allow the sampleto set for approximately one minute. If the sample has settledbelow the
27、top of the density cup add additional material tobring the level above the cover and scrape again. Weigh thedensity cup again with the material in the cup. Be careful notto spill any material. Record this value to the nearest 0.1 g onthe test data sheet.8.7 Place the density cup back on the stand, t
28、hen carefullyplace the cover so it is centered on the density cup. Place thecentering rod of the weight hanger over the ball which ismounted to the center of the cover, and is used as a pivot for theweight hanger. Slowly lift the plunger of the dial indicator, andslide the cup, cover and hanger unde
29、r the plunger. Allow theplunger to come down and rest on the weight hanger. Recordthe height indicated by the dial indicator due to the mass of thecover, the weight hanger, and the spring force to the nearest0.02 mm on the test data sheet. This is the first height.8.8 Hang the weight support on the
30、bottom of the weighthanger. Record the height due to this additional weight to thenearest 0.02 mm on the test data sheet.8.9 Record the height to the nearest 0.02 mm with eachweight that is added. Record each weight added allowing 15 sbetween the change in loads as well as the change in height, asin
31、dicated by the dial indicator. Usually 5 weights will besufficient to accomplish the maximum compaction. However,there may be times when more than 5 weights are required. Ifthis is the case, continue to add weights until there is no furthercompaction indicated by additional height on the dial indica
32、tor.The number of points to establish the desired consolidationpressure is based on how the data will be used, and will dictatehow many weights must be used.NOTE 1At the completion of the test, visually inspect the coversposition with respect to the density cup. If it is visibly tilted, the test is
33、notvalid and should be repeated, paying particular attention to proceduresteps 8.5 and 8.6. Tilting of the lid is most often caused by non-uniforminitial bulk density in the density cup.8.10 From the data recorded, calculate and plot the bulkdensity and consolidation pressure.9. Calculation9.1 To ca
34、lculate the initial bulk density (Vo), subtract themass of the density cup from the value obtained of the densitycup with material in it. This mass is in kilograms. To calculatethe volume of the density cup multiply the area of the insidediameter of the cup by the depth of the cup.Vol15p3D!2/4 3 h1m
35、3!where:D = the inside diameter of the density cup, inm,h1= the overall inside depth of the density cup,in m, andinitial density = net mass/Vol1.9.2 Calculate the volume based on the original depth of thecup, minus the height indicated by the dial indicator times p3 (D)2/4. With each additional weig
36、ht added, a new densitycan be calculated. To calculate each consolidation pressure,add the mass of the cover, the mass of the weight hanger, thespring force of the dial indicator and any additional weightsused then divide by the inside area of the density cup.Voln5p3D!2/4 3 hnwhere:hn= the new depth
37、 in m for each additional weight.10. Report10.1 A curve is then generated from the data obtained withthis test. The heading of the curve would be, “Bulk density asa function of consolidation pressure,” with the “x” axis beingthe consolidation pressure in kPa (1000 N/m2) and the “y” axisbeing the bul
38、k density in kg/m3. The data is then plotted on alinear graph. As an alternate, the data could be plotted on alog-log graph.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Data are being evaluated to determine the precision ofthis method. In addition, Subcommittee D18.24 is seekingpertinent data from users of this test
39、method.11.2 There is no accepted reference value for this testmethod, therefore, bias cannot be determined.11.3 In almost all cases there is not a reference value for testmethods under the jurisdiction of D18. Therefore, the state-ment as given above should be used.12. Keywords12.1 bulk density; bul
40、k solids; compaction pressure; powderASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the ri
41、skof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of th
42、is standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake
43、 your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.D6683013This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D6683014
