1、Designation: D 6894 03An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEvaluation of Aeration Resistance of Engine Oils in Direct-Injected Turbocharged Automotive Diesel Engine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6894; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outsi
3、de assistance, can use the procedure described inthis test method. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2provides reference oils and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By these means, the laboratorywill know whether their use of the test method gives
4、results statistically similar to those obtained byother laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services inseeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army imposes such arequirement in connection with several Army engine l
5、ubricating oil specifications.Accordingly, this test method is written for use by laboratories that utilize the TMC services.Laboratories that choose not to use those services may simply ignore those portions of the test methodthat refer to the TMC.This test method may be modified by means of inform
6、ation letters issued by the TMC. In addition,the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda related to the method. For other information, refer tothe research report for this test method.31. Scope1.1 This test method was designed to evaluate an engineoils resistance to aeration in automotive diesel engin
7、e service.It is commonly referred to as the Engine Oil Aeration Test(EOAT). The test is conducted using a specified 7.3L, direct-injection, turbocharged diesel engine on a dynamometer teststand. This test method was developed as a replacement forTest Method D 892 after it was determined that this be
8、nch testdid not correlate with oil aeration in actual service. The EOATwas first included in API Service Category CG-4 in 1995.NOTE 1Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil perfor-mance for specification requirements are discussed in the latest revision ofSpecification D 4485.1.2 The unit
9、 values stated in this test method shall beregarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses areprovided for information only. SI units are considered theprimary units for this test method. The only exception is wherethere is no direct SI equivalent, for example, screw threads,national pipe
10、threads/diameters, and tubing size.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limit
11、ations prior to use.1.4 This test method is arranged as follows:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Reagents and Materials 7Preparation of Apparatus 8Calibration 9Test Procedure 10Determination of Test Results 11Report 12Precision
12、 and Bias 13Keywords 14Engine System Drawings Annex A12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products4D 93 Test Method for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup Tester41This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Pr
13、oducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published September 2003.2ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA152006-4489.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Internationa
14、l Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1379.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products4D 130 Test M
15、ethod for Detection of Copper Corrosion fromPetroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test4D 287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)4D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids4D 482 Test Method for Ash from Pet
16、roleum Products4D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum Products4D 613 Test Method for Ignition Quality of Diesel Fuels byCetane Method4D 664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentimetric Titration4D 892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubri-cating
17、Oils4D 1250 ASTM-IP Petroleum Measurement Tables4D 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in LiquidPetroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Absorption4D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Prod-ucts4D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluore
18、scence Spectrometry5D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by Centrifuge5D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density Meter5D 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts and Lubricants5D 4485 Specification for Performance
19、 of Engine Oils5D 4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by FourVariable Equation5D 5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Rusting6D 5862 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in theTwo-Stroke Cycle Turbocharged 6V92TA Diesel Engine5D 6082 Test Method fo
20、r High Temperature Foaming Char-acteristics of Lubricating Oils6D 6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust PreventativeCharacteristics6D 6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness ofDiesel Engine Oil at 135C6E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Sp
21、ecifications7IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System72.2 SAE Standard:J 304 Engine Oil Tests82.3 API Standard:API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System93. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 automotive, adjdescriptive of equipment
22、 associatedwith self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines. D 65943.1.2 calibrate, vto determine the indication or output ofa measuring device with respect to that of a standard.3.1.3 candidate oil, nan oil that is intended to have theperformance characteristics
23、necessary to satisfy a specificationand is to be tested against that specification. D 58443.1.4 engine oil, na liquid that reduces friction or wear, orboth, between the moving parts within an engine; removes heatparticularly from the underside of pistons; and serves ascombustion gas sealant for the
24、piston rings.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIt may contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-tion, valve train wear, oil oxidation, and foaming are examples.D 58623.1.5 foam, nin liquids, a collection of bubbles formed inor on the surface of a liquid in which the
25、 air or gas is the majorcomponent on a volumetric basis. D 60823.1.6 heavy-duty, adjin internal combustion engine op-eration, characterized by average speeds, power output andinternal temperatures that are close to the potential maximums.D 44853.1.7 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion en-gine
26、s, one that is designed to allow operation continuously ator close to its peak output. D 44853.1.8 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear, or both, betweenthem. D 58623.1.9 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a referenceoil; such as a research fo
27、rmulation, commercial oil, or candi-date oil. D 58443.1.10 reference oil, nan oil of known performance char-acteristics, used as a basis for comparison. D 58443.1.11 test oil, nany oil subjected to evaluation in anestablished procedure. D 65573.1.12 used oil, nany oil that has been in a piece ofequi
28、pment (for example, an engine, gearbox, transformer, orturbine), whether operated or not. D 41753.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aeration, nin liquids, the action of impregnatingwith air that forms foam bubbles in or on the surface of a liquidor is entrained as a dispersion i
29、n that liquid.3.2.2 flush, nthe action of cleaning out the engine oilsystem using new test oil to remove any residues as well as tominimize possible carryover effect from the previous test oil.3.2.3 HEUI, nhydraulically-actuated, electronically-controlled, unit injector.105Annual Book of ASTM Standa
30、rds, Vol 05.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.7Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.8Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. This standard is not available separately. Eitherorder the SAE Handbook Vol. 3 or the SAE Fuels an
31、d Lubricants Standards ManualHS-23.9Available from The American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005.10Glassey, S. F, Stockner, A. R., and Flinn, M .A., “HEUIA New Direction forDiesel Engine Fuel System,” SAE Publication 930270; Hower, M. J., Mueller, R. A.,Oehlerking, D.
32、A., and Zielke, M. R., “The New Navistar T444E Direct-InjectionTurbocharged Diesel Engine,” SAE Publication 930269.D68940324. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test engine is a 1994 unit built by InternationalTruck and Engine Corporation11(Model No. A215). Thisengine is equipped with the HEUI fuel syste
33、m.10It is installedin a fully instrumented test cell.4.2 The test sequence consists of a five-step, warm-upperiod followed by a one-step evaluation period for 20 h atmaximum power.4.3 Aerated oil samples are taken after 1 h, 5 h, and 20 h andthe percent oil aeration is calculated from the initial vo
34、lumeand the final volume after sitting undisturbed for 30 min.5. Significance and Use5.1 BackgroundIn the HEUI fuel system, the engine oilfrom the oil sump not only lubricates the engine, it alsosupplies a high-pressure oil system that takes oil from the maingallery and pressurizes it up to 20.7 MPa
35、 (3000 psi) in aplunger pump (see Fig. A1.1). This oil is used to operate unitinjectors that, when used in combination with intensifiers,increase the fuel injection pressure up to 145 MPa (21 000 psi),independent of engine speed. The electronic controls permitvaried injection timing and duration to
36、provide optimum fueleconomy and emissions. This system may, however, circulateall the oil in the sump in approximately 8 s; as a consequence,aeration of the oil can occur with some engine oils. Interna-tional determined that 8 % oil aeration was the limit beyondwhich engine operation and performance
37、 would be impaired inactual service.5.1.1 Prior to 1994, the ability of an engine lubricant toresist aeration was measured by Test Method D 892. Duringthe development of the API CG-4 category in 1994, however,it was found12that this bench test did not correlate withaeration in the International T 44
38、4E engine. The EOAT wasdeveloped, therefore, to provide a better measurement of theability of a lubricant to resist aeration during engine operation.This test has been included in API CG-4, CH-4, and CI-4categories for heavy-duty diesel engine oils.5.2 MethodThe data obtained from the use of this te
39、stmethod provide a comparative index of the aeration resistanceof engine oils used in medium- and heavy-duty truck dieselengines.5.3 UseThe tendency of engine oils to aerate in direct-injection, turbocharged diesel engines is influenced by avariety of factors, including engine oil formulation variab
40、les,oil temperature, sump design and capacity, residence time ofthe oil in the sump, and the design of the pressurized oilsystems. In some engine-oil-activated injection systems, theresidence time of the oil in the sump is insufficient to allowdissipation of aeration from the oil. As a consequence,
41、aeratedoil can be circulated to the injector intensifiers, adverselyaffecting the injection timing characteristics and engine opera-tion.6. Apparatus6.1 Test EngineThe test engine13,14is an International1994, 7.3L, direct-injection, turbocharged, V-8, diesel engine,rated at 160 kW at 3000 r/min. The
42、 engine model number isA215. The engine arrangement is shown in Figs. A1.2 and A1.3and the lubrication system in Fig. A1.4. This engine isequipped with the HEUI fuel system (see 5.1 and Fig. A1.1).Details of the engine are documented in the International T444E Diesel Engine Service Manual for Truck
43、ApplicationForm EGES-121 dated April 2002.15The engine serial numbercarries the designation 7.4JU2UXXXXXX. The test engine isinstalled in a fully instrumented test cell.6.1.1 Engine ModificationInstall a14 in. male nationalpipe thread (NPT) stainless steel hex nipple14,16in the threadedoutlet on the
44、 right (passenger) side of the engines high-pressure oil reservoir. Install a14 in. female NPT inlet andoutlet, stainless steel, ball-valve onto the hex nipple with theflow arrow facing away from the reservoir. Install a14 in. maleNPT to male No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37 flare stainless steel adapterfitting i
45、n the downstream side of the ball valve. Make up apolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-lined, stainless steel braid, No.4 hose, with female swivel No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37 female flarefittings on each end. The overall line length should beapproximately 115 cm. Modify a male No. 4 SAE(JIC) 37flare to14 in. fract
46、ional tube female compression adapter fittingso that there is a 0.394 mm orifice through the fitting. Insert a37.5 cm long,14 in. thin-wall, steel, fractional tube (this is tobe the sample wand) into the female compression adapter andtighten. For safety, install an insulating handle around the steel
47、tube to avoid being burned while holding the wand.6.2 Power AbsorptionInstall a 186 kW eddy-current ab-sorption dynamometer in the test cell.6.3 AerationThe HEUI system takes oil from the maingallery and pressurizes it in a plunger pump up to 20.7 MPa(3000 psi). The arrangement is shown in Fig. A1.1
48、. Thepressurized oil operates unit injectors that increase the fuelpressure up to 145 MPa (21 000 psi) with the help ofintensifiers (see Fig. A1.5). The electronic controls permitvaried injection timing and duration to provide optimum fueleconomy and emissions. As shown in Table 1, this operation11H
49、ereinafter referred to as International, which is the trademark of theInternational Truck and Engine Corporation.12McGeehan et al., “The Worlds First Diesel Engine Oil Category for Use withLow-Sulfur Fuel: API CG-4,” SAE Publication 981371.13The sole source of supply of the engine known to the committee at this timeis Franklin Power Products, 400 North Forsythe St., Franklin, Indiana 46131. Tel:317-738-2117.14If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful
