1、Designation: D 7008 03Standard Specification forGeosynthetic Alternate Daily Covers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7008; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for reusableand nonreusable geosynthetic alternate daily covers (ADCs)used on the working face of mun
3、icipal solid waste landfills(MSWLF). Geosynthetic ADCs include a wide range ofproducts including, but not limited to, reinforced film, unrein-forced film, reinforced sheet, unreinforced sheet, coated geo-textile and uncoated geotextile.1.2 This standard addresses the base ADC materials anddoes not a
4、ddress grommets, straps or other fabricated parts.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pria
5、te safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 1004 Test Method for Initial Tear Resistance of PlasticFilm and SheetingD 4355 Test Met
6、hod for Deterioration of Geotextiles byExposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a Xenon Arc TypeApparatusD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 4533 Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength ofGeotextilesD 4632 Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elonga-tion of GeotextilesD 4833 Test Method for In
7、dex Puncture Resistance ofGeotextiles, Geomembranes and Related ProductsD 6523 Guide for Evaluation and Selection of AlternativeDaily Covers (ADCs) for Sanitary LandfillsE 96 Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Mate-rials2.2 Other Standards:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 701 St
8、andardMethods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of TextilesGeosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) SpecificationGM11 Accelerated Weathering of Geomembranes using aFluorescent UVA-Condensation Exposure Device3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms related to geosyn-thetics, refer to Ter
9、minology D 4439.3.1.1 alternate daily cover, nan alternative to the tradi-tional 15 cm (6 in.) soil cover required by the USEPA forlandfill working faces to “control disease vectors, fires, odors,blowing liter, and scavenging, without presenting a threat tohuman health and the environment.”3.1.2 fir
10、e retardant, adjin geosynthetic ADCs, meeting therequirements of NFPA 701, Method 1, Standard Method of FireTests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films.3.1.3 nonreusable, adjin geosynthetics, a fabric or filmintended to be placed once and then disposed of, discarded, orleft in place.3.1.4 reus
11、able, adjin geosynthetics, a fabric or membranematerial intended to be retrieved and installed more than onceto perform the cover function.3.1.5 working face, nthe area of a landfill in which wasteis actively being deposited.4. Classification of Geosynthetic ADCs4.1 NonreusableNonreusable geosynthet
12、ic ADCs consistof disposable films or geotextiles, intended to be left in placewithout retrieval. Special equipment exists to facilitate theplacement and anchoring of these materials to cover theworking face of landfills. The cover may contain pro-degradantadditives to accelerate degradation within
13、the waste to allowthe free flow of fluids and gases within the waste mass. Threeclasses of nonreusable ADCs are specified based on tensile,tear and puncture properties (see Table 1).4.2 ReusableReusable geosynthetic ADCs consist of vari-ous types of fabric or plastic membranes that have either beend
14、eveloped or adapted for use as a daily cover material. Panelsfabricated from these materials are placed over the workingface at the end of the day, and retrieved prior to the start of thenext operating day. Special mechanized equipment can be usedto facilitate the placement and retrieval of panels.
15、Three classes1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-ability and Filtration.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published February 20041Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、 PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.of reusable ADCs are specified based on tensile, tear andpuncture properties (see Table 2).4.3 Fire RetardantMeets the requirements of 6.4.4.4 UV ResistantMeets the requirements of 6.5.5. Physical Properties5.1 GeneralIn order to gain the
17、 approval of regulatoryagencies, ADCs must be demonstrated to be equivalent to soildaily cover with respect to controlling odor, blowing litter,disease vectors, scavengers and fire. Reusable ADCs must alsohave the strength and durability to withstand multiple uses, fora duration of one year. If nonr
18、eusable ADCs are left in placeafter use, they must degrade in a reasonable amount of time toallow the passage of liquid to the leachate collection system, orthey must be physically perforated prior to burial.6. Requirements and Test Methods6.1 Odor control performance of a geosynthetic ADC de-pends
19、on two factors, permeability of the ADC to gases andoutside air movement under the ADC and back out from underthe ADC at the edges of the product or through holes in theADC.6.1.1 Permeability of the ADC to water vapor must be nomore than 6.0 E 10-6g/sm2Pa (100 perms) when testedaccording to Test Met
20、hods E 96, method B.6.1.2 Air flow and odor flow, out from under the ADCshould be evaluated at a test site. Evaluation can be byassessment of odor by experienced personnel and/or by obser-vation of insect and scavenger attraction to the site. Perfor-mance is compared to a traditional soil daily cove
21、r byobservation.6.2 Blowing liter and disease vector control is evaluatedrelative to traditional soil daily cover by observation at a testsite.6.3 Scavenging is controlled by security procedures andother operating practices more than by the ADC. The ADCcontributes to scavenger control by liter contr
22、ol, odor controland, to some extent, through durability, resisting penetration byscavengers. Scavenging control is evaluated by assessment ofthe other properties and by observation and comparison to soilcover.6.4 Geosynthetic ADCs may be rated as “fire retardant.” Tobe rated as fire retardant, the A
23、DC must pass NFPA 701,Method 1. The requirements are: flame out # 2 s; averageweight loss # 40 %; no mass loss individual specimen devi-ating by more than three standard deviations from the mean.6.5 UV resistance is required for reusable ADCs that areintended to be used for a long period of time and
24、 stored withexposure to sunlight. An ADC is designated as UV resistantwhen a loss of no more than 50 % of tensile strength occurswhen the ADC is exposed to UV according to GRI Specifica-tion GM11 for a total of 1000 h or Test Method D 4355 for atotal of 500 h. Tensile properties of the unexposed and
25、 exposedADC are determined according to the appropriate tensile testmethod for that material (see Tables 1 and 2).6.6 Nonreusable ADCs are divided into three classes basedon tensile, tear and puncture strength (see Table 1). Theappropriate test method for the materials are listed in the table.In ord
26、er to be categorized under a specific class, an ADC mustmeet all three properties. For breaking factor and tear resis-tance the properties must be met in both machine and trans-verse directions. All values are minimum average roll values(MARV).6.7 Reusable ADCs are divided into three classes based o
27、ntensile, tear and puncture strength (see Table 2). The appropri-ate test method for the materials are listed in the table. In orderto meet the requirements of a class, an ADC must meet all threeproperties. For grab tensile and tear resistance the propertiesmust be met in both machine and transverse
28、 directions. Allvalues are minimum average roll values (MARV).7. Sampling7.1 Laboratory SampleFor laboratory testing, refer to theindividual test standard for appropriate sample collection.7.2 Field SampleFor field evaluation, material represen-tative of the product shall be made available for site
29、installationand evaluation. It is important that installation and anchoringprocedures be representative of normal commercial use.8. Keywords8.1 alternate daily cover; landfillASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentio
30、nedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee an
31、d must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting o
32、f theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
33、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE
34、1 Classes for Nonreusable ADCsProperty Test Method Units Class 1N Class 2N Class 3NBreaking Factor ASTM D 882 N/m (lb/in.) 93 (21) 62 (14) 31 (7)Tear Resistance ASTM D 1004 N (lb) 18 (4) 13 (3) 9 (2)Puncture Strength ASTM D 4833 N (lb) 62 (14) 44 (10) 27 (6)TABLE 2 Classes for Reusable ADCsProperty Test Method Units Class 1R Class 2R Class 3RGrab Strength ASTM D 4632 N (lb) 1400 (320) 900 (200) 500 (110)Trapezoidal Tear ASTM D 4533 N (lb) 500 (110) 320 (72) 180 (40)Puncture Resistance ASTM D 4833 N (lb) 500 (110) 320 (72) 180 (40)D7008032
