1、Designation: D 7008 08Standard Specification forGeosynthetic Alternate Daily Covers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7008; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for reusableand nonreusable geosynthetic alternate daily covers (ADCs)used on the working face of muni
3、cipal solid waste landfills(MSWLF). Geosynthetic ADCs include a wide range ofproducts including, but not limited to, reinforced film, unrein-forced film, reinforced sheet, unreinforced sheet, coated geo-textile and uncoated geotextile.1.2 This standard addresses the base ADC materials anddoes not ad
4、dress grommets, straps or other fabricated parts.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priat
5、e safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) ofPlastic Film and SheetingD 4355 Tes
6、t Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles byExposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a XenonArc TypeApparatusD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 4533 Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength ofGeotextilesD 4632 Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elonga-tion of GeotextilesD 4833 Test Method fo
7、r Index Puncture Resistance ofGeomembranes and Related ProductsE96 Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Mate-rials2.2 Other Standards:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 701 StandardMethods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of TextilesGeosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) Specifica
8、tionGM11 Accelerated Weathering of Geomembranes using aFluorescent UVA-Condensation Exposure Device3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms related to geosyn-thetics, refer to Terminology D 4439.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 alternate daily cover, nan alternat
9、ive to the tradi-tional 15 cm (6 in.) soil cover required by the USEPA forlandfill working faces to “control disease vectors, fires, odors,blowing liter, and scavenging, without presenting a threat tohuman health and the environment.”3.2.2 fire retardant, adjin geosynthetic ADCs, meeting therequirem
10、ents of NFPA701, Method 1, Standard Method of FireTests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films.3.2.3 nonreusable, adjin geosynthetics, a fabric or filmintended to be placed once and then disposed of, discarded, orleft in place.3.2.4 reusable, adjin geosynthetics, a fabric or membranematerial in
11、tended to be retrieved and installed more than onceto perform the cover function.3.2.5 working face, nthe area of a landfill in which wasteis actively being deposited.4. Classification of Geosynthetic ADCs4.1 NonreusableNonreusable geosynthetic ADCs consistof disposable films or geotextiles, intende
12、d to be left in placewithout retrieval. Special equipment exists to facilitate theplacement and anchoring of these materials to cover theworking face of landfills. The cover may contain pro-degradantadditives to accelerate degradation within the waste to allowthe free flow of fluids and gases within
13、 the waste mass. Threeclasses of nonreusable ADCs are specified based on tensile,tear and puncture properties (see Table 1).4.2 ReusableReusable geosyntheticADCs consist of vari-ous types of fabric or plastic membranes that have either beendeveloped or adapted for use as a daily cover material. Pane
14、lsfabricated from these materials are placed over the working1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-ability and Filtration.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Orig
15、inallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 700803.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
16、 ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.face at the end of the day, and retrieved prior to the start of thenext operating day. Special mechanized equipment can be usedto facilitate the placement and retrieval of
17、 panels. Three classesof reusable ADCs are specified based on tensile, tear andpuncture properties (see Table 2).4.3 Fire RetardantMeets the requirements of 6.4.4.4 UV ResistantMeets the requirements of 6.5.5. Physical Properties5.1 GeneralIn order to gain the approval of regulatoryagencies, ADCs mu
18、st be demonstrated to be equivalent to soildaily cover with respect to controlling odor, blowing litter,disease vectors, scavengers and fire. Reusable ADCs must alsohave the strength and durability to withstand multiple uses, fora duration of one year. If nonreusable ADCs are left in placeafter use,
19、 they must degrade in a reasonable amount of time toallow the passage of liquid to the leachate collection system, orthey must be physically perforated prior to burial.6. Requirements and Test Methods6.1 Odor control performance of a geosynthetic ADC de-pends on two factors, permeability of the ADC
20、to gases andoutside air movement under the ADC and back out from underthe ADC at the edges of the product or through holes in theADC.6.1.1 Permeability of the ADC to water vapor must be nomore than 6.0 E 10-6g/sm2Pa (100 perms) when testedaccording to Test Methods E96, method B.6.1.2 Air flow and od
21、or flow, out from under the ADCshould be evaluated at a test site. Evaluation can be byassessment of odor by experienced personnel and/or by obser-vation of insect and scavenger attraction to the site. Perfor-mance is compared to a traditional soil daily cover byobservation.6.2 Blowing liter and dis
22、ease vector control is evaluatedrelative to traditional soil daily cover by observation at a testsite.6.3 Scavenging is controlled by security procedures andother operating practices more than by the ADC. The ADCcontributes to scavenger control by liter control, odor controland, to some extent, thro
23、ugh durability, resisting penetration byscavengers. Scavenging control is evaluated by assessment ofthe other properties and by observation and comparison to soilcover.6.4 Geosynthetic ADCs may be rated as “fire retardant.” Tobe rated as fire retardant, the ADC must pass NFPA 701,Method 1. The requi
24、rements are: flame out # 2 s; averageweight loss # 40 %; no mass loss individual specimen devi-ating by more than three standard deviations from the mean.6.5 UV resistance is required for reusable ADCs that areintended to be used for a long period of time and stored withexposure to sunlight. An ADC
25、is designated as UV resistantwhen a loss of no more than 50 % of tensile strength occurswhen the ADC is exposed to UV according to GRI Specifica-tion GM11 for a total of 1000 h or Test Method D 4355 for atotal of 500 h. Tensile properties of the unexposed and exposedADC are determined according to t
26、he appropriate tensile testmethod for that material (see Tables 1 and 2).6.6 Nonreusable ADCs are divided into three classes basedon tensile, tear and puncture strength (see Table 1). Theappropriate test method for the materials are listed in the table.In order to be categorized under a specific cla
27、ss, an ADC mustmeet all three properties. For breaking factor and tear resis-tance the properties must be met in both machine and trans-verse directions. All values are minimum average roll values(MARV).6.7 Reusable ADCs are divided into three classes based ontensile, tear and puncture strength (see
28、 Table 2). The appropri-ate test method for the materials are listed in the table. In orderto meet the requirements of a class, anADC must meet all threeproperties. For grab tensile and tear resistance the propertiesmust be met in both machine and transverse directions. Allvalues are minimum average
29、 roll values (MARV).7. Sampling7.1 Laboratory SampleFor laboratory testing, refer to theindividual test standard for appropriate sample collection.7.2 Field SampleFor field evaluation, material represen-tative of the product shall be made available for site installationand evaluation. It is importan
30、t that installation and anchoringprocedures be representative of normal commercial use.8. Keywords8.1 alternate daily cover; landfillTABLE 1 Classes for Nonreusable ADCsProperty Test Method Units Class 1N Class 2N Class 3NBreaking Factor ASTM D 882 N/m (lb/in.) 93 (21) 62 (14) 31 (7)Tear Resistance
31、ASTM D 1004 N (lb) 18 (4) 13 (3) 9 (2)Puncture Strength ASTM D 4833 N (lb) 62 (14) 44 (10) 27 (6)TABLE 2 Classes for Reusable ADCsProperty Test Method Units Class 1R Class 2R Class 3RGrab Strength ASTM D 4632 N (lb) 1400 (320) 900 (200) 500 (110)Trapezoidal Tear ASTM D 4533 N (lb) 500 (110) 320 (72)
32、 180 (40)Puncture Resistance ASTM D 4833 N (lb) 500 (110) 320 (72) 180 (40)D7008082ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the
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35、ave not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D7008083
