1、Designation: D7053/D7053M 11Standard Guide forDetermining and Evaluating Causes of Water Leakage ofLow-Sloped Roofs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7053/D7053M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods for determining andevaluating causes of water leakage in low-sloped roofs. For
3、this purpose, water penetration is considered leakage andtherefore problematic, is causing or is likely to cause prematuredeterioration of the roof, building or its contents, or isadversely affecting the performance of other components of thebuilding A roof is considered an assembly including themem
4、brane, insulation, vapor retarder (if required), deck, andstructural components.1.1.1 This guide excludes moisture-related problems inroofs caused by condensation.NOTE 1CondensationMoisture-related problems in roof systemsmay be caused by condensation of humid air originating from within thebuilding
5、 and be incorrectly attributed to leakage from rain water. Theprotocol for an investigation of dampness due to condensation and iscomplicated, requires special expertise, and is beyond the scope of thisguide. For information regarding condensation problems as they relate toroofs, refer to ASTM MNL 1
6、8,2ASTM MNL 40,3and ASHRAEHandbook 2005 Fundamentals.41.2 Investigative techniques discussed in this guide may beintrusive, disruptive, or destructive. It is the responsibility ofthe investigator to establish the limitations of use, to anticipateand advise of the destructive nature of some procedure
7、s, and toplan for repairing and selective reconstruction as necessary.1.3 This guide does not address steep-sloped roofs, standingor flat seam metal roofs, or architectural standing seam metalroofs.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard.
8、 The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:5C1153 Practice for Location of Wet Insulation
9、in RoofingSystems Using Infrared ImagingD1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and WaterproofingD7186 Practice for Quality Assurance Observation of RoofConstruction and Repair3. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology D1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 condensationthe conversi
10、on of water vapor to liquidas the temperature drops or atmospheric pressure rises.3.2.2 water leakagewater that passes through a materialor between materials in a roof system and reaches a space thatis not directly or intentionally exposed to the water source.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is
11、 intended to provide building professionalswith a methodology for evaluating water leakage throughlow-sloped roofs. It addresses the service history of a roof, thevarious components of a roof, and the interaction betweenthese components and adjacent construction. It is not intendedas a construction
12、quality control procedure, as specified inPractice D7186, nor as a preconstruction qualification proce-dure. It is intended for evaluating water leakage through alow-sloped roof.4.1.1 QualificationsUse of this guide requires a back-ground as an architect, engineer, roof/waterproofing consultant,roof
13、ing contractor, or related profession with an understandingin building construction and the expertise in the design,installation, and maintenance of low-sloped roofs.4.1.2 ApplicationThe sequential activities describedherein are intended to produce an evaluation program, but all1This guide is under
14、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.20 on RoofingMembrane Systems.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous version approved in 2007 as D7053 07. DOI:10.1520
15、/D7053_D7053M-11.2Treschel, H. R., ed., Manual on Moisture Control in Buildings, MNL 18,ASTM International, 1994.3Treschel, H. R., ed., Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in BuildingEnvelopes, MNL 40, ASTM International, 2003.4ASHRAE Handbook 2005 Fundamentals, available from American Societ
16、y ofHeating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, http:/www.ashrae.org.5For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
17、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.activities may not be applicable or necessary for a particularevaluation program. It is the responsibility o
18、f the professionalusing this guide to determine the activities and sequencenecessary to perform an appropriate leakage evaluation for aspecific low-sloped roof on a building.4.1.3 Preliminary AssessmentA preliminary assessmentmay indicate that water leakage problems are limited to aspecific element
19、or portion of a low-sloped roof. The evalua-tion of causes may be limited in scope, and the proceduresrecommended herein abridged according to the professionaljudgment of the investigator. A statement stipulating the limitsof the investigation should be included in the report.4.1.4 ExpectationsExpec
20、tations about the overall effec-tiveness of an evaluation program must be reasonable, and inproportion to a defined scope of work. This guide is intendedto address leakage of a low-sloped roof system, leading toconclusions that can generally be applied to similar or otherlocations on the roof. Since
21、 every possible location is notincluded in an evaluation program, it is probable that everyleak source will not be identified. Leak sources that arelocalized and unique may remain, and require specific andlocalized evaluation effort.4.2 This guide is not intended as a design guide. Referenceis made
22、to design features of a low-sloped roof only for thepurpose of identifying items of interest for consideration in theevaluation process.4.3 This guide does not address leakage through walls notassociated with roof construction, fenestration, or leakagebelow-grade. It is not intended for use with str
23、uctures designedto retain water, such as pools, fountains, and vegetative roofs.SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO AN EVALUATION5. Overview5.1 The methodology presented in this guide is intended toprovide a systematic approach to evaluating roof leaks, and isapplicable to any low-sloped roof system. The sequenc
24、e ofactivities is intended to lead to an accumulation of informationin an orderly and efficient manner, so that each step enhancesand supplements the information gathered in the precedingstep.5.1.1 Sequence of ActivitiesThe recommended sequenceof activities, discussed in individual sections below ar
25、e:5.1.1.1 Review of project documents.5.1.1.2 Evaluation of original roof design concept.5.1.1.3 Determination and review of service history.5.1.1.4 Inspection.5.1.1.5 Investigative testing.5.1.1.6 Analysis.5.1.1.7 Report preparation.5.2 Analysis and InterpretationThe information gatheredduring a le
26、akage evaluation is analyzed as it is acquired. It isnot the intent of this guide to imply that the analysis andinterpretation of the information occurs only at the completionof all activities.6. Review of Project Documents6.1 Ideally, project documents, including roof componentshop drawings, will b
27、e available and accessible for review. Thediscussion in this section assumes that a project was organizedon a conventional owner/design professional/contractor model.Projects can be delivered in various ways, and the method usedwill dictate the appropriate organization of the project docu-ments. The
28、 information discussed below should be availablefor review somewhere in the project documents.6.1.1 Design, Bidding, and Contract DocumentsThesedocuments include architectural and engineering drawings,specifications, and may include correspondence, meeting min-utes, addenda, substitution proposals,
29、product literature, testreports, survey reports prepared by others, shop drawings, andso forth. They contain the information necessary to understandthe performance criteria, the design intent, materials, andrelationships among the roof components.6.1.1.1 Documents may be revised or supplemented over
30、the course of construction. Revisions to drawings are typicallyrecorded by number and date, with a cross reference to otheraccompanying documents. Reviewing all revisions and under-standing the differences between them and the reason for thedifferences is part of the evaluation.6.1.1.2 Documents wit
31、h the most recent issue date and thehighest revision number establish the requirements for theproject. A set of documents marked “as-built” or “record set”are intended to show the actual construction and may beavailable.6.2 Referenced Codes and StandardsProject documentsusually contain references to
32、 regulatory codes, industry stan-dards, or manufacturer installation requirements. Standards,referenced codes, and manufacturer information often containdefault or minimum criteria to establish the performancecriteria for the roof. Conflicts between the referenced docu-ments and those stated in the
33、project documents should not beassumed to be a cause of leakage without further investigation.6.2.1 Regulatory codes, industry standards, and manufac-turer installation requirements change over time. The versionof these documents examined as part of the review of projectdocuments should be those lis
34、ted with dates in the projectdocuments, or if not listed with dates, those in effect when thebuilding permit was issued.6.3 SubmittalsAdditional documents are generated afterthe award of contracts and are submitted to the designprofessional for review and inclusion in the project record. Thesubmitta
35、ls usually apply to a specific material, component,assembly, or installation method, and the information con-tained will augment the project documents. There can be anumber of revisions to submittals prior to final approval. Thestandard for the project is set by the submittals approved by thedesign
36、professional. Submittals can include shop drawings, testreports, product literature, manufacturers recommendations,installation and maintenance guidelines, warranties, etc.6.3.1 Test reports provided by manufacturers and suppliersshould have been performed by an independent laboratory orwitnessed by
37、 an independent agency (if requested by thecustomer). Review the test dates and the description of whatwas tested to determine if and how the information actuallyapplies to the project.D7053/D7053M 1126.3.2 Manufacturers and suppliers information, and theexclusionary language in warranties, may sugg
38、est circum-stances under which one or more of the components may notfunction properly. Project conditions should be evaluated todetermine if an appropriate product selection had been made.6.3.3 Submittals should be reviewed for maintenance rec-ommendations and guidelines.6.4 Pre-Qualification and Mo
39、ck-Up ReportsCompliancewith specific project requirements may have been demon-strated by a mock-up test. The mock-up report should containa clear and complete description of changes necessary to passthe test. Project documents should incorporate these changes,and they should be reflected in the actu
40、al construction. Failureto incorporate these changes should be considered as a possiblecause of water leakage.6.5 Additional Construction DocumentsAdditional con-struction documents that record changes, decisions, and activi-ties during the construction phase may include bulletins,requests for infor
41、mation (RFI), clarifications, change orders,directives, progress photos, inspection and quality assurancereports, test reports, meeting minutes, and correspondence. Theinformation in these documents may modify or supersede thedesign documents.6.6 Local PracticesAn understanding of local practiceswil
42、l permit a thorough assessment of the project roof designand construction. The actual construction may be influenced inan undocumented manner by local practices.6.7 Missing Documents-Project documents may be un-available or have missing parts. This situation will require thedetermination of existing
43、 and as-built conditions. The informa-tion may need to be generated from observations and measure-ments of the building.7. Evaluation of Design Concept7.1 Design ConceptReview of the project documentsshould reveal what requirements had been specified for theroof.7.2 Effcacy of the DesignThe design s
44、hall include prop-erly selected components. The details must provide for theinterfacing and integration of components so that each one canperform collectively and function as a system. The details mustalso address issues such as construction tolerances, materialcompatibilities, terminations, penetra
45、tions, and building move-ment. A careful evaluation of the design will indicate incon-sistencies that may contribute to leakage.7.3 ExposureBased on an analysis of local weather con-ditions and the location and geometry of the building, identifythe actual weather conditions during periods of leakage
46、. Theseconditions can be correlated with service history, described inthe next section, to help establish a protocol for the evaluationprocess.8. Determination of Service History8.1 Gathering information on the service history related toleakage problems serves two purposes. First, patterns in theobs
47、erved leakage and visible damage can provide an indicationof the cause(s) and where to focus an investigation. Second, theinformation provides a checklist against which failure theoriesand conclusions can be evaluated. A comprehensive diagnosticprogram should result in an explanation for most, if no
48、t all,aspects of the observed leaks and damage.8.1.1 Document Physical Symptoms of Leaks:8.1.1.1 Make a detailed visual inspection of both the interiorand exterior. Locations that should be checked for indicationsof leakage include but are not limited to:(1) Intersection of the roof with walls, para
49、pets, and curbs.(2) Perimeter gravel stops.(3) Roof drains, overflow drains, and scuppers.(4) Base flashing.(5) Roof slope.(6) Mechanical units.(7) Curbs and equipment rails.(8) Expansion joints.(9) Field seams and laps.(10) Punctures, splits, or tears in membrane or flashing.(11) Utility and building service penetrations.(12) Gutters and downspouts.(13) Cap flashing.(14) Pitch pans.(15) Door sills.(16) Penthouse or parapet walls.(17) Counterflashings.(18) Surface-mounted flashing.(19) Reglets.(20) Weep holes in masonry walls.8.1.1.2 Note all locations of pa
