1、Designation: D 7113 05Standard Test Method forDensity of Bituminous Paving Mixtures in Place by theElectromagnetic Surface Contact Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7113; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This tes
3、t method covers the procedures for determiningthe in-place density and relative compaction of bituminousconcrete pavement paving mixtures by an electromagneticsurface contact device by measuring changes in the electro-magnetic field resulting from the compaction process.1.2 The equipment referenced
4、in this method is a surfacecontact device, which must accommodate surface moisture andtemperature variation in the range typically encountered inpaving applications. This can be accomplished by designparameters that reduce the devices sensitivity to surfacemoisture and temperature variation or by me
5、asurements andalgorithms to account for surface moisture and temperaturevariance in the rolling pattern.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and
6、health practices prior to use.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1188 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using Paraffin-CoatedSpecimensD 2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gra
7、vity and Densityof Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous MixturesD 3665 Practice for Random Sampling of ConstructionMaterialsD 3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements forAgen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsD 5361 Practice for Sampling Compacted Bituminous Mix-tures for Labora
8、tory TestingD 6752 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using AutomaticVacuum Sealing Method3. Significance and Use3.1 The test method described is useful as a rapid, nonde-structive technique for determining the in-place density orrelative compaction of
9、compacted bituminous mixtures.3.2 The test method can be used to establish the properrolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.3.3 The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitivemeasurements to be made at a single test location betweenroller passes or at multiple locations
10、across the mat to monitorchanges in density.3.4 The density results obtained by this test method arerelative. Device calibration (correlation with other test meth-ods) is required to convert the results obtained using thismethod to actual density. Section 6 of this test methoddescribes a method that
11、 has proven to be acceptable forcorrelation.NOTE 1The personnel and equipment used in performing this test canbe evaluated in accordance with Specification D 3666.NOTE 2Research and evaluation of devices used in this test methodhas been conducted. Reference is made to “Evaluation of Non-NuclearGauge
12、s to Measure Density of Hot-Mixed Asphalt Pavements,” a pooledfund study, Pedro Romero, Ph.D., P.E., July 2002.4. Interferences4.1 Electromagnetic force fields such as high-tension powerlines, or large metal objects in close proximity may interferewith the device reading.4.2 The chemical composition
13、 of the material being testedmay significantly affect the measurement and adjustments maybe necessary. The device can be calibrated to the specific mixdesign being used in the field.4.3 The test method exhibits spatial bias in that the device ismost sensitive to the density of the material in closes
14、t prox-imity to the sensor.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 onSpecific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published January 2005.2For re
15、ferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
16、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.4 The surface texture of the material being tested maycause lower than actual density determination.4.5 Oversize aggregate particles in the sensor path maycause variations in density determination.4.6 The actual sample volume varies with the apparatus
17、 andthe density of the material. In general, the higher the densitythe smaller the volume ( see Note 3).NOTE 3The volume of field compacted material represented by a testcan effectively be increased by repeating the test at adjacent locations andaveraging the results.5. Apparatus5.1 Electronic Sensi
18、ng DeviceAn electronic counting de-vice, capable of being seated on the surface of the materialunder test, and which meets the outline below:5.1.1 The device shall be housed in an enclosure of heavy-duty construction and designed for taking in-situ densitymeasurements of bituminous paving mixtures.5
19、.1.2 The device shall function in the mat temperature andmoisture levels experienced during the placement of hotbituminous paving mixtures.5.1.3 The device shall include the internal circuitry suitablefor displaying individual measurements to allow operators torecord the readings.5.1.4 The device sh
20、all include a continuous reading mode ofoperation.5.1.5 The device shall employ suitable electronic circuitryto provide power and signal conditioning to the sensor toprovide the data acquisition and readout function, and allowcalibration of the unit over the expected range of applicationconditions a
21、nd materials.NOTE 4The device manufacturer may choose to supply a ReferenceStandard, a block of material used for checking device operation and toestablish conditions before actual pavement measurements are made.6. Calibration6.1 Calibrate the device for each mixture prior to perform-ing tests on th
22、at particular mixture.6.2 Record the calibration method used and the specificvalues obtained for future use of the device on the same typeof material.6.3 The calibration must be conducted on the mat within themat temperature range that will be encountered during subse-quent testing.6.4 The core cali
23、bration allows the device to be offset to aspecific density measured using Test Method D 1188, TestMethod D 2726, or Test Method D 6752.6.4.1 Identify three to ten test locations within a 3-meter(10-ft) length in the direction of the paving train on the mat.6.4.2 At each location take a minimum of f
24、our measure-ments following the device manufacturers recommendationfor seating the device on the pavement and the procedures ofoperation noted in 7.7.6.4.3 Record each individual measurement and the averagefor each location.6.4.4 Cut a 150-mm (6-in.) core from the pavement locationin accordance with
25、 Practice D 5361 and proceed with theappropriate test method for determining the bulk specificgravity of the compacted specimen.6.4.5 Average all device readings.Average all core measure-ments. Compare these values to determine a device offset.6.4.6 Offset the device reading to reflect the value der
26、ived instep 6.4.5.7. Procedure of Operation7.1 The device should be turned on sufficiently in advanceof taking any readings to allow the device to stabilize.7.2 Standardize the device using the manufacturers proce-dures as described in the device operation manual.7.3 Select a test location in accord
27、ance with the projectspecifications, or, if not otherwise specified, in accordance withPractice D 3665.7.4 Ensure that no sources of electromagnetic interferencesuch as high-tension power lines or large metal objects are nearthe immediate vicinity of the device.7.5 For best results, avoid surfaces w
28、ith large temperatureextremes.7.6 The following procedure may be used to determine therequired number of roller passes:7.6.1 Measure and record readings on the un-compactedmixture exiting the screed.7.6.2 After each roller pass, measure and record the com-paction readings.7.6.3 When the measurements
29、 no longer increase or fallback with additional roller passes, record this reading and thenumber of passes.7.6.4 Repeat steps 7.6.1 and 7.6.2 after each roller typewhere compaction is to be monitored.7.7 The following procedure may be used for taking mea-surements on one or more pavement locations:7
30、.7.1 Select a smooth surface with no excess water (rollerwater is acceptable). Brush the surface clear of any sand orstones, which would prevent contact between the surface andthe measuring device. The optimum condition for generaltesting would be a smooth surface, with total contact betweenthe bott
31、om surface of the device and the surface being tested.Optimum calibration conditions are the same as above includ-ing recommendations from the device manufacturer withrespect to pavement moisture.7.7.2 Ensure the device is calibrated for the site conditionsand bituminous mix being placed in accordan
32、ce with Section 6of this test method.7.7.3 Seat the device on the test surface allowing for themaximum device-to-material surface contact. If necessary,rotate the device to gain the maximum contact and eliminateany rocking or high points in the contact area.7.7.4 For multiple testing and averaging f
33、or a specificlocation, follow the device manufacturers recommendation forplacing the device on the mat.7.7.5 If profiling the pavement surface, measure and recordeach reading. Compare the individual readings to observableirregularities in the mat that may establish or identify segrega-tion, uniformi
34、ty or texture issues.7.7.6 After initiating a test, the operator must move awayfrom the device for a minimum distance of 30 cm (1 ft).D7113052NOTE 5Do not place the device on a hot surface unless you areconducting measurements. Prolonged high temperatures may adverselyaffect the devices electronics.
35、 The device should be allowed to coolbetween measurements.8. Report8.1 Immediately after taking the density reading(s), recordthe following data:8.1.1 Job site identification and the test site location data,such as station number, offset from centerline, and so forth, inaccordance with locally-estab
36、lished conventions.8.1.2 Device calibration data as specified in Section 6.8.1.3 Individual density readings at each measured pointwithin a test location to the nearest 0.001 g/cc, together withthe calculated average density value for the location.8.1.4 Corresponding density data (if taken) from alt
37、ernativemethods for each test location to the nearest 0.001 g/cc. Suchdata may be from nuclear gage or core sample methods.8.1.5 Notation of any qualitative observations of testing ormaterial conditions that may affect the accuracy or interpreta-tion of the test results.8.1.6 Temperature of the bitu
38、minous mat at the time of thereading, to the nearest 0.5 C, if taken.8.1.7 Dated signature by the test operator.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Precision: The within-laboratory repeatability standarddeviation has been determined to be 0.15, based on 4 labs, 30test replicates and 6 different samples. The be
39、tween-laboratoryreproducibility of this test method is being determined and willbe available on or before January 2009. Therefore, thisstandard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of amaterial for purchasing purposes.9.2 Bias: Due to the variability in materials and constructionpractices,
40、 there is no consensus as to the most accurate testmethod for measurement of density against which this test canbe compared. Accordingly, a statement of method bias cannotbe made.NOTE 6The above noted repeatability study was conducted using twobrands of electromagnetic sensing devices.NOTE 7With reg
41、ards to the bias statement above, any user may electto conduct a comparison of these devices related to the laboratorymeasured value from core samples. Device measurements should be takendirectly on the location of the pavement where cores will be cut.10. Keywords10.1 bituminous-concrete density; de
42、nsity; in-place density;non-nuclear test method, electronic density deviceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity
43、of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments
44、are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not r
45、eceived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D7113053
