1、Designation: D7170 12aD7170 14Standard Test Method forDetermination of Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of DieselFuel OilsFixed Range Injection Period, Constant VolumeCombustion Chamber Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7170; the number immediately following the designation indi
2、cates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the quantitative
3、determination of the ignition characteristics of conventional diesel fuel oils, dieselfuel oils containing cetane number improver additives, and is applicable to products typical of Specification D975, Grades No. 1-Dand 2-D regular and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils, European standard EN 590, and Canad
4、ian standards CAN/CGSB-3.517-2000 andCAN/CGSB 3.6-2000. The test method may also be applied to the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics ofblends of fuel oils containing biodiesel material, and diesel fuel oil blending components.1.2 This test method measures the ignition delay
5、and utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber with direct fuel injectioninto heated, compressed air. An equation converts an ignition delay determination to a derived cetane number (DCN).1.3 This test method covers the ignition delay range from a minimum value of 35.0 DCN (ignition delay of 4.89
6、 ms) to amaximum value of 59.6 DCN (ignition delay of 2.87 ms). The average DCN result for each sample in the ILS ranged from 37.29(average ignition delay of 4.5894 ms) to 56.517 (average ignition delay of 3.0281 ms).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of
7、 measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulator
8、ylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Pe
9、troleum, Petroleum Products, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to
10、 Evaluate Analytical Measure-ment System PerformanceD6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and LubricantsD6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purportto Measure
11、 the Same Property of a MaterialE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE832 Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers2.2 EN Standard:3EN 590 Automotive FuelsDieselRequirements and Test Methods1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Produc
12、ts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012May 1, 2014. Published February 2013May 2014. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2012 asD7170D7170 12a.12. DOI: 10.15
13、20/D7170-12A.10.1520/D7170-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from European Commi
14、ttee for standardization. Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possi
15、ble to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopy
16、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 Energy Institute Standard:4IP 41 Ignition Quality of Diesel FuelsCetane Engine Test Method2.4 Canadian Standards:5CAN/CGSB-3.517-2000 Regular Sulphur Diesel FuelSpecificationCAN/CGSB 3.6
17、-2000 Automotive Low-Sulphur Diesel FuelSpecification2.5 DIN Standard:6DIN 73372 Einspritzdsen Grsse T und U3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value (ARV), na value that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as(1) a theoretical or established value
18、, based on scientific principles, (2) an assigned value, based on experimental work of somenational or international organization, such as the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), or (3) a consensusvalue, based on collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scienti
19、fic or engineering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this method, accepted reference value is understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific reference materialsdetermined under reproducibility conditions by collaborative experimental work.3.1.2 biodiesel, nfuel comprised of mono-
20、alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,designated B100.3.1.3 biodiesel blend (BXX), nblend of biodiesel fuel with diesel fuel oils.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIn the abbreviation, BXX, the XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.3.1.4 cetan
21、e number (CN), na measure of the ignition performance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it to referencefuels in a standardized engine test. D41753.1.4.1 DiscussionIn the context of this method, cetane number is that defined by ASTM D613/IP 41.3.1.5 check standard, nin QC testing, a material
22、 having an accepted reference value used to determine the accuracy of ameasurement system. D62993.1.5.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, check standard refers to heptane.3.1.6 quality control (QC) sample, nfor use in quality assurance programs to determine and monitor the precision and
23、stabilityof a measurement system, a stable and homogeneous material having physical or chemical properties, or both, similar to those oftypical samples tested by the analytical measurement system. The material is properly stored to ensure sample integrity, and isavailable in sufficient quantity for
24、repeated, long term testing. D62993.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibration reference material, na pure chemical having an assigned ignition delay accepted reference value.3.2.2 charge air, ncompressed air at a specified pressure introduced into the combustion chamber at t
25、he beginning of each testcycle.3.2.3 charge air temperature, ntemperature, in C, of the air inside the combustion chamber.3.2.4 combustion analyzer, nan integrated compression ignition apparatus to measure the ignition characteristics of diesel fueloil.3.2.5 derived cetane number (DCN), na number ca
26、lculated using a conversion equation to determine a cetane number.4 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K.5 Available from the Canadian General Standards Board, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 1G6.6 Available from DIN, Deutsches Institut fr Normung, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 107
27、87 Berlin.D7170 1423.2.5.1 DiscussionThe conversion equation relates a measured ignition delay or ignition delay and combustion delay from a combustion analyzer toa cetane number.3.2.6 ignition delay (ID), nthat period of time, in milliseconds (ms), between the start of fuel injection and the start
28、ofcombustion as determined using the specific combustion analyzer applicable for this test method.3.2.6.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, start of fuel injection is interpreted as the initial movement or lift of the injector nozzle needleas measured by a motion sensor; start of combust
29、ion is interpreted as that point in the combustion cycle when a significant (+0.02MPa above chamber static pressure) and sustained increase in rate-of-change in pressure, as measured by a pressure sensor in thecombustion chamber, ensures combustion is in progress.3.2.7 injection period (IP), nthe pe
30、riod of time, in milliseconds (ms), that the fuel injector nozzle is open as determined usingthe specific combustion analyzer applicable for this test method.3.2.8 operating period, nthe time, not to exceed 12 h, between successive calibration or QC testing, or both, of the combustionanalyzer by a s
31、ingle operator.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 ARVaccepted reference value3.3.2 CNcetane number3.3.3 DCNderived cetane number3.3.4 IDignition delay3.3.5 QCquality control4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A small specimen of diesel fuel oil is injected into a heated, temperature-controlled constant volume chamber, whi
32、ch haspreviously been charged with compressed air. Each injection produces a single-shot, compression ignition combustion cycle. IDis measured using sensors that detect the start of fuel injection and the start of significant combustion for each cycle. A completesequence comprises 2 preliminary cycl
33、es and 25 further cycles.The ID measurements for the last 25 cycles are averaged to producethe ID result. An equation converts the ID result to a DCN.5. Significance and Use5.1 The ID and DCN values determined by this test method can provide a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fueloi
34、l in compression ignition engines.5.2 This test can be used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a specification aidto relate or match fuels and engines.5.3 The relationship of diesel fuel oil DCN determinations to the performance of full-scale, variable-spee
35、d, variable-load dieselengines is not completely understood.5.4 This test may be applied to non-conventional fuels. It is recognized that the performance of non-conventional fuels infull-scale engines is not completely understood. The user is therefore cautioned to investigate the suitability of ign
36、itioncharacteristic measurements for predicting performance in full-scale engines for these types of fuels.5.5 This test determines ignition characteristics and requires a sample of approximately 220 mLand a test time of approximately20 min on a fit-for-use instrument.6. Interferences6.1 WarningMini
37、mize exposure of sample fuels, calibration reference materials, QC samples, and check standard to sunlightor fluorescent lamp UV emissions to minimize induced chemical reactions that can affect ignition delay measurements.76.1.1 Exposure of these fuels and materials to UV wavelengths shorter than 55
38、0 nm for a short period of time can significantlyaffect ignition delay measurements.NOTE 1The formation of peroxide and radicals can affect ignition delay measurement. These formations are minimized when the sample or materialis stored in the dark in a cold room at a temperature of less than 10C and
39、 covered by a blanket of nitrogen.7 Supporting data, “Sunlight and Air Exposure Effects on Octane Number or Cetane Number of Petroleum Product Samples,” have been filed at ASTM InternationalHeadquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1502.D7170 1437. Apparatus7.1 GeneralThi
40、s test method uses an integrated automated analytical measurement system8 (see Fig. 1) comprised of:7.1.1 Combustion ChamberAcylindrical block having a volume of 0.60 6 0.03 L, with external heating elements, heat shield,and electrically actuated intake and exhaust valves. There is an opening at one
41、 end of the chamber to accommodate insertion ofthe fuel injection nozzle assembly and an opening at the other end of the chamber to accommodate insertion of intake, exhaust,and various sensors.8 The sole source of supply of the FIT combustion analyzer known to the committee at this time is Waukesha
42、Dresser, Inc., 1101 West St. Paul Avenue, Waukesha, WI53188-4999. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful considerationat a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.D
43、igital Signals Analog SignalsV1: Actuator Air Valve T1: Chamber Charge Air TemperatureV2: Sample Fuel Reservoir Valve T2: Chamber Inner Wall TemperatureV3: Sample Waste Flush Valve T3: Fuel Injection Pump TemperatureV4: Charge Air Valve T4: Injection Nozzle Cooling Jacket TemperatureV5: Exhaust Valv
44、e T5: Circulation Coolant System Temperature (External)AE1: Control Power to Chamber Heating P0: Chamber Static Pressure SensorN1: Injection Nozzle Motion Sensor P1: Chamber Dynamic Pressure SensorP2: Injection Actuator Air Pressure Switch GaugeA T5 is not located on the instrument. It is the temper
45、ature of the auxiliary Circulation Coolant System adjusted to maintain T4.FIG. 1 Combustion Analyzer SchematicD7170 1447.1.2 Fuel Injection SystemApneumatically actuated fuel injection system with fuel injection pump, injector nozzle assemblyand associated sample reservoir to assure for proper and r
46、epeatable injection of calibration, QC material, and test specimens intothe combustion chamber. The system includes:7.1.2.1 Fuel Sample ReservoirA metal reservoir having a nominal volume of 100 mL.7.1.2.2 Fuel Injector NozzleA standard one-hole nozzle conforming to the requirements of DIN 73372. The
47、 nozzle isassembled to the body that incorporates a spring-loaded needle extension with screw and lock nut for adjusting the nozzle openingpressure setting; a fuel bleed passage connecting to an external bleed valve for bleeding fuel from the nozzle and nozzle body; anda positions motion sensor moun
48、ted in an adjustable housing near the injector nozzle needle extension pin, to determine when thenozzle needle lifts to initiate the start of injection.7.1.3 Coolant SystemA closed-loop circulating coolant system to control the temperature of the combustion injector nozzle.The system includes an aux
49、iliary heat exchanger with built-in circulating pump and flow control valves.7.1.4 Instrument SensorsSensors used to measure and either indicate the value of a variable or transmit the condition forcontrol or data acquisition purposes such as:7.1.4.1 Combustion Chamber Static Pressure Sensor (P0)A sensor installed to measure the static pressure within thecombustion chamber before and after each combustion cycle.7.1.4.2 Combustion Chamber Dynamic Pressure Sensor (P1)Asensor installed to measure the pressure within the combustionch
