1、Designation: D7258 09D7258 14Standard Specification forPolymeric Piles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7258; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in
2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This specification addresses the use of round and rectangular cross-section polymeric piles in axial and lateral load-bearingapplications, including but
3、 not limited to marine, waterfront, and corrosive environments.1.2 This specification is only applicable to individual polymeric pile products. Sheet pile and other mechanically connectedpolymeric pile products using inter-locking systems, are not part of this specification.1.3 The piling products c
4、onsidered herein are characterized by the use of polymers, whereby (1) the pile strength or stiffnessrequires the inclusion of the polymer, or (2) a minimum of fifty percent (50 %) of the weight or volume is derived from thepolymer. The type classifications of polymeric piles described in Section 4
5、show how they can be reinforced by composite designfor increased stiffness or strength.1.4 This specification covers polymeric piles fabricated from materials that are virgin, recycled, or both, as long as the finishedproduct meets all of the criteria specified herein. Diverse types and combinations
6、 of inorganic filler systems are permitted in themanufacturing of polymeric piling products. Inorganic fillers include such materials as talc, mica, silica, wollastonite, calciumcarbonate, etc. Pilings are often placed in service where they will be subjected to continuous damp or wet exposure condit
7、ions.Due to concerns of water sensitivity and possible affects on mechanical properties in such service conditions, organic fillers,including lignocellulosic materials such as those made or derived from wood, wood flour, flax shive, rice hulls, wheat straw, andcombinations thereof, are not permitted
8、 in the manufacturing of polymeric piling products.1.5 The values are stated in inch-pound units as these are currently the most common units used by the construction industry.1.6 Polymeric piles under this specification are designed using design stresses determined in accordance with Test MethodsD6
9、108, D6109, and D6112 and procedures contained within this specification unless otherwise specified.1.7 Although in some instances it will be an important component of the pile design, frictional properties are currently beyondthe scope of this document.1.8 Criteria for design are included as part o
10、f this specification for polymeric piles. Certain Types and sizes of polymeric pileswill be better suited for some applications than others. Polymeric piles designed and manufactured under the different Typeclassifications as defined within this specification will, as a whole, exhibit a wide-range o
11、f mechanical properties. For example,a 10-in. diameter Type II, chopped glass fiber reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pile will likely have an apparentstiffness much different than a 10-in. diameter Type V, glass fiber reinforced composite tube filled with concrete. Similarly, theultimate
12、moment capacity of these two example piles will also likely be significantly different from each other. Use of a licensedProfessional Engineer is, therefore, highly recommended for designing and selecting polymeric piles in accordance with thisspecification.1.9 This standard does not purport to addr
13、ess all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this specificatio
14、n.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.20 on Plastic Lumber.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009Jan. 1, 2014. Published S
15、eptember 2009January 2014. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 asD7258 09. DOI: 10.1520/D7258-09.10.1520/D7258-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
16、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to a
17、dequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright AS
18、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1141 Practice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean WaterD2344/D2344M Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their LaminatesD2915 Practice for Sampling and
19、Data-Analysis for Structural Wood and Wood-Based ProductsD5033 Guide for Development of ASTM Standards Relating to Recycling and Use of Recycled Plastics (Withdrawn 2007)3D6108 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Plastic Lumber and ShapesD6109 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforc
20、ed and Reinforced Plastic Lumber and Related ProductsD6112 Test Methods for Compressive and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastic Lumber and ShapesD6341 Test Method for Determination of the Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Plastic Lumber and Plastic LumberShapes Between 30 and 140F (
21、34.4 and 60C)D6662 Specification for Polyolefin-Based Plastic Lumber Decking BoardsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials2.2 Other Documents:ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures4AASHTO GSDPB-1 Standard Specification for Design of Pedestria
22、n Bridges5AASHTO HB-13 Standard Specification for Highway Bridges5Department of Defense Unified Facility Criteria UFC 4-152-01 Design: Piers and Wharves, Naval Facilities EngineeringCommand, Washington DC3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 axial load-bearing pile, na vertical or battered member driv
23、en into the ground to help support a load of any structurebearing upon it. Axial load-bearing piles are commonly divided into two kinds; point-bearing (end-bearing) and friction. Apoint-bearing pile derives practically all its support from the rock or soils near the point and much less from contact
24、with soil alongthe pile shaft. A friction pile derives its support principally from the soil along the pile shaft through the development of shearingresistance between the soil and the pile.3.1.2 lateral load-bearing pile, na vertical or battered member driven into the ground to resist lateral loads
25、 imposed upon itor a structure.Acommon application for a lateral load-bearing pile is to absorb lateral forces at points of impact and dissipate themhorizontally into a structure and/or soil stratum. A fender pile is an example of a lateral load-bearing pile.3.1.3 combined axial and lateral load-bea
26、ring pile, na vertical or battered member driven into the ground to resist both axialand lateral loads or applied external forces imposed upon it. Combined axial and lateral load-bearing piles are commonly dividedinto two kinds; point-bearing (end-bearing) and friction. A point-bearing pile derives
27、practically all its support from the rock orsoils near the point and much less from contact with soil along the pile shaft. A friction pile derives its support principally fromthe soil along the pile shaft through the development of shearing resistance between the soil and the pile.3.2 Additional de
28、finitions of terms applying to this specification appear in Terminology D883 and Guide D5033.4. Classification4.1 Polymeric Piles contained in this specification are classified as following six (6) types:4.1.1 Type IPolymeric only.4.1.2 Type IIPolymeric with reinforcement in the form of chopped, mil
29、led or continuous fiber or mineral.4.1.3 Type IIIPolymeric with reinforcement in the form of metallic bars, cages, or shapes.4.1.4 Type IVPolymeric with reinforcement in the form of non-metallic bars or cages.4.1.5 Type VPolymeric composite tube with a concrete core.4.1.6 Type VIAny other polymeric
30、piling meeting the requirements in 1.3 and not otherwise described by Types I through Vabove.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser shall state whether this specification is to be used, select the preferred options permitted herein, and includethe following information in the invitation to bid and
31、 purchase order:5.1.1 Title, number and date of this specification,5.1.2 Type and composition,5.1.3 Percent recycled content (if requested),5.1.4 Flame spread index, if applicable,5.1.5 Color,3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from Ameri
32、can Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.5 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.D7258 1425.1.6 Quant
33、ity in linear feet (meters), and minimum length without splices,5.1.7 Cross-sectional dimensions,5.1.8 Performance requirements including flexural strength, axial strength, and stiffness,5.1.9 Required accessories including pile tips, splices and driving caps,5.1.10 Special handling, packing, or shi
34、pping requirements,5.1.11 Marking, if other than specified, and5.1.12 Shop drawings and submittals.6. Tolerances6.1 Sizes:6.1.1 Circular Piles:6.1.1.1 Maximum deviation from a circular cross section shall be:b 50.98a (1)where:2a = major oval diameter, and2b = minor oval diameter.(1) For example, for
35、 13 in. (330 mm) major diameter pile, maximum allowable difference between major and minor diameterwould be 0.26 in. (7 mm).6.1.1.2 DiameterTolerance against specified diameter = 63 %.6.1.2 Rectangular Piles:6.1.2.1 Squareness of PilesMeasurements of the two opposing diagonals shall not differ by mo
36、re than 3 %, calculated withthe smaller diagonal denominator.6.1.2.2 Dimensions shall not vary from specified dimension by more than 3 %.6.1.3 Cross-SectionAll piles, regardless of cross sectional shape shall remain consistent in cross-sectional area along thelength of the pile, except that a tolera
37、nce of66 % is permitted against the nominal or specified area at any location along the lengthof pile.6.1.4 Each pile shall be measured at a minimum of three locations at quarter points along its length, prior to shipment, to confirmcompliance with this section.6.1.5 Pile head tolerance from the pla
38、ne perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pile shall be 14 in. (6 mm) in 12 in. (305mm) but not more than 12 in. over the whole pile length (12 mm).7. Lengths7.1 All piles shall be furnished in lengths specified, except that tolerances shall be plus 1 ft (0.3 m), minus 0 in. (0 mm) correctedt
39、o 73F, and7.2 Piles 41 ft or longerplus 2 ft (0.6 m), minus 0 in (0 mm) corrected to 73F.8. Straightness8.1 A straight line from the center of the head to the center of the tip shall lie entirely within the body of the pile when the pileis vertically suspended from the head.8.2 Lateral load-bearing
40、piles shall be free of short crooks that deviate more than 212 in. (64 mm) from straightness in any 20ft (1.5 m) length. See Fig. 1.8.3 Axial load-bearing piles shall have no more than 1 in. (24 mm) bow or bend in 20 ft (6.5 m) of length.8.4 Straightness as defined in 8.2 and 8.3 shall be interprete
41、d as the as-built straightness.9. Placement of Reinforcement for Pile Types III and IV only9.1 Longitudinal reinforcement shall remain within 5 % of the specified radial location as measured from centroid of thecross-section of the pile.9.2 Longitudinal reinforcement shall not twist more than 5 over
42、 any 20 ft (6.1 m) section of the pile.10. Surface Condition10.1 The pile surface will typically exhibit some roughness or corrugations due to manufacturing processes. However, the pilesshall not have depressions or projections greater than 12 in. (13 mm) and the total surface area of any such depre
43、ssions orprojections shall not be greater than 9 in.2 (58 cm2).10.2 The surface of the pile shall contain no cracks or splits, in any orientation.D7258 14311. Performance Requirements11.1 The cross-sectional dimensions of piles will be determined on the basis of the ability to perform satisfactorily
44、 under thephysical loading and environmental conditions imposed as well as the energy absorption properties desired. Testing methods andprocedures for analysis of results to define allowable values for the design of plastic piles are given below.11.2 Load CombinationsPolymeric piles subject to multi
45、ple load types shall be checked for all applicable load combinations.Load factors and load reductions shall be determined in accordance with the applicable code or ASCE 7. Where allowed by theapplicable code or ASCE 7, allowable stress increases are permitted. Each load type in combination shall be
46、divided by the loadduration factor corresponding to the load types duration. See A2.1 for the procedure to determine the load duration factor. Asample calculation of the load duration factor is provided in Appendix X1.NOTE 2Applicable codes vary depending upon location and usage. Relevant codes may
47、include, but are not limited to,AmericanAssociation of StateHighway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) HB-13, Standard Specification for Highway Bridges, AASHTO GSDPB-1, Standard Specification forDesign of Pedestrian Bridges, or Department of Defense Unified Facility Criteria (UFC) 4-152-01 Desig
48、n: Piers and Wharves.11.3 Design Strength:11.3.1 All piles shall be designed such that for all load combinations:FIG. 1 Measurement of Short Crook N.T.S.D7258 144fa#Fn3CD (2)where:fa = total applied stress in each combination (psi),Fn = allowable stress as calculated in 11.7.3, 11.8.2, 11.9.2, 11.9.
49、3, or 11.12.2 (psi), andCD = Load Duration Factor for the material and considered load duration. Derivation of CD is explained in Annex A2.NOTE 3Results from testing of plastic lumber decking boards after eleven years of outdoor exposure have shown that the boards had discolored andfaded, but that both strength and stiffness were basically unchanged. Similar results are expected with polymeric piles made with similar materials.Introduction of carbon black and other additives can significantly reduce ultraviolet light degradation of polymers. Fu
