1、Designation: D7453 18Standard Practice forSampling of Petroleum Products for Analysis by ProcessStream Analyzers and for Process Stream Analyzer SystemValidation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7453; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe primary focus of sampling petroleum product is the timely presen
3、tation of the sample for (1)analysis by online analyzers, (2) validation of an analyzer system and (3) collecting a compositesample for batch physical property determination. Sediment, free water, rust, and other contaminantsfound in the sample may be removed in the sample conditioning system to pro
4、tect the hardware andanalytical systems. If a sample is being collected for later analysis, the sample must be collected,stored, and transported in a manner that does not affect the property of interest. If a sample is beingfed to an analyzer or sampled for later determination of water or particulat
5、e contamination thenfiltering is not an option.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the performance requirements forsample systems employed to deliver process stream samples(1) to analyzer system for analyses or (2) for analyzervalidation or (3) for composite sample systems. It also outlinesthe selecti
6、on and operation of line or batch sampling equipmentintended for analyzer flow proportioned average property valuesystem validation. Sample handling, mixing, and conditioningprocedures are required to ensure that a representative sampleof the liquid petroleum product is collected from the samplingso
7、urce.1.2 Applicable FluidsThis practice is applicable to singleliquid phase petroleum products whose vapor pressure atsampling and sample storage conditions is less than or equal to110 kPa (16.0 psi), and, with a D86 final boiling point less thanor equal to 400 C (752 F).1.2.1 Specialized sample han
8、dling may be necessary tomaintain sample integrity of more volatile materials at hightemperatures or extended residence time in the receiver. Suchhandling requirements are not within the scope of this practice.Users should consult the analytical methods to be performed onthe sample for special sampl
9、e storage or conditioning require-ments.1.3 Some or all of the processes outlined in this practicemay be applicable to other liquids. Applying this practice toother liquids will require the consideration of additionalmethods and practices. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to iden
10、tify any and all applicable safety and samplingconsiderations and establish appropriate procedures to handlethese additional considerations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport
11、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard wa
12、s developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenc
13、ed Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:21This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.25 on Performance Assessment and Validation of Process StreamAnalyzer Systems.Current edition approv
14、ed July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D7453 17. DOI:10.1520/D7453-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volu
15、me information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed
16、in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D3764 Practice for Valid
17、ation of the Performance of ProcessStream Analyzer SystemsD6122 Practice for Validation of the Performance of Multi-variate Online, At-Line, and Laboratory Infrared Spectro-photometer Based Analyzer SystemsD6624 Practice for Determining a Flow-Proportioned Aver-age Property Value (FPAPV) for a Colle
18、cted Batch ofProcess Stream Material Using Stream Analyzer DataD7278 Guide for Prediction ofAnalyzer Sample System LagTimes3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 analyzer unit response time, ntime interval betweenthe introduction of a step change in property characteristic atthe inlet of the analyzer u
19、nit and when the analyzer outputindicates a value corresponding to 99.5 % of the subsequentchange in analyzer results.3.1.2 automatic sample collector, ndevice used to repeti-tively extract an grab and collect a representative sample of abatch or process stream.3.1.3 automatic sampling system, nsyst
20、em consisting of asample probe, sample fast cycle loop, sample supply linestream conditioning, an automatic sample collector and anassociated controller, a flow measuring device, and sampleholding, mixing and handling capabilities.3.1.4 batch, nterm referring to a volume or parcel beingtransferred.3
21、.1.5 flow proportional sampler, nsampler designed toautomatically adjust the sampling rate to be proportional to theflow rate of the stream.3.1.6 grab, nvolume of sample extracted from a batch bya single actuation of the sample extractor.3.1.7 lag time, ntime required for material to travel frompoin
22、t A to point B in the total analyzer system (points A and Bare user-defined).3.1.8 line sample, nprocess material that can be safelywithdrawn from a sample port and associated facilities locatedanywhere in the total analyzer system without significantlyaltering the property of interest.3.1.9 primary
23、 test method (PTM), nASTM or other estab-lished standard test method that produces results accepted asthe reference measure of a property.3.1.10 sample conditioning unit lag time, ntime requiredfor material to flow from the sample conditioning unit inlet tothe analyzer unit inlet.3.1.11 sample fast
24、cycle loop, na system that continuallyand rapidly transports a representative sample of processmaterial from the sample probe past the sample supply line andreturns the remaining material to the process.3.1.11.1 sample fast loop lag time, ntime required formaterial to transport from the product take
25、off point of thesample loop to the sample conditioning unit inlet.3.1.12 total analyzer system response time, ntime intervalbetween the when a step change in property characteristicarrives at the sample loop inlet and when the analyzer outputindicates a value corresponding to 99.5 % of the subsequen
26、tchange in analyzer results.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThe total analyzer system responsetime is the sum of the sample fast loop lag time, the sampleconditioning unit lag time, and the analyzer unit response time.3.1.13 validation, nstatistically quantified judgment thatthe analyzer system or subsystem bein
27、g assessed can producepredicted PTM results with acceptable precision and biasperformance when compared to actual results from a primarytest method measurement system for common materials.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Analyzer measurement systems require a processsample that is delivered in a timely man
28、ner commensurate withthe analyzer and process cycle time at pressure, temperatureand flow conditions meeting system requirements, is free ofcontaminants, and is representative of the process stream.4.2 Line samples collected from the process or blenderstream need to accurately reflect the compositio
29、n of theanalyzer feed stream. This is accomplished by taking intoaccount the total analyzer system response time in order toproperly validate online analyzer systems.4.3 This practice describes functional requirements thatneed to be addressed in the design and operation of automaticsampling equipmen
30、t. Automatic sampling equipment is used toobtain a representative batch sample for use in validating ananalyzer system or flow proportioned average property valueand for manufactured batch quality testing.5. Significance and Use5.1 Analyzer systems require representative samples ofpetroleum products
31、 delivered in a timely manner to (1)facilitate the control of process or blending units or (2)calculate a flow proportioned property value.5.2 Representative samples of petroleum products are re-quired for the determination of chemical and physical proper-ties. These properties are used to establish
32、 the relationshipbetween the analyzer system and the primary test methodduring initial and ongoing validation of the system.5.3 Representative samples of petroleum products are testedto determine the chemical and physical properties of a batchoffered for tender.6. Sample Delivery and Conditioning Re
33、quirements forProcess Stream Analyzers6.1 The sample will be delivered from the sample stream tothe analyzer inlet for measurement in the minimum realisticperiod of time possible.6.1.1 When sampling from processes that normally operatein steady state mode, not subject to scheduled operationalvariabl
34、e(s) step changes that directly impact the measuredvariable, the sample fast loop lag time shall be as short aspractically possible. It is recommended that where possible, thesample fast loop lag time should be less than the analyzerresponse time. A minimum realistic time is two minutes.NOTE 1Guide
35、D7278 can be used for the prediction of analyzerD7453 182sample system lag times. Refer to Practice D3764 for analyzer unitresponse time information.6.1.2 Sampling from processes that are subject to scheduledoperational variable(s) step changes that directly impact themeasured variable requires know
36、ledge of the shortest intervalbetween scheduled step changes. The total analyzer systemresponse time shall be less than the shortest interval betweenscheduled step changes6.2 The sample system shall deliver the sample to theanalyzer without alteration of the properties of interest.6.2.1 The sample s
37、ystems shall not cause any unintendedphase changes in the sample during its transport to theanalyzer.6.3 Filtration and CoalescingThe sample stream shouldbe filtered or suitably treated to remove contaminants such asrust, sediments, and foreign matter. Free and dissolved waternot intended to be quan
38、tified or analyzed should be removed bycoalescing, chilling, or filtration. The porosity of the filtershould be selected for effective removal of contaminants thatcan cause immediate or long term damage to the systemhardware including build up and plugging of system solenoidsand valves.7. Line Sampl
39、e Requirements7.1 The line sample point should be located so that itprovides a sample representative of what is being delivered tothe analyzer.NOTE 2Filters, coalescers, and temperature conditioning units may berequired to make the sample stream safe to sample.7.2 Validate and document the lag time
40、of the line samplepoint from the sample stream and the lag time from the samplepoint to the analyzer inlet. This data is required in PracticeD3764 or Practice D6122 for analyzer validation. GuideD7278 may also be used.7.2.1 Temperature and PressureSample temperature andpressure shall be conditioned
41、to a safe working range asdetermined by the governing legal and/or regulatoryrequirements, sample handling requirements, and equipmentlimitations. The temperature and pressure conditioning shallnot affect the property of interest.7.3 Use a sample container and any sample containerconditioning proced
42、ures defined in the PTM.7.3.1 The sample point shall be flushed with three times thevolume of the sample system from the tie into the analyzersample supply to the sample outlet. See Fig. 1.7.3.2 The sample probe shall reach the bottom of the samplecontainer when sampling.7.3.2.1 The bottom of the sa
43、mple probe shall have a 45relief cut.7.3.3 Flush the sample container to remove contaminantsand saturate the vapor phase with hydrocarbons.NOTE 3Samples to be analyzed for vapor pressure require specialhandling, and the appropriate standard test method should be reviewed forrequirements.7.3.4 After
44、a container has been flushed with sample, itshould be filled immediately so the vapor space in the containerstays fully saturated with hydrocarbon and the bottle tempera-ture is similar to the sample.7.3.5 Throttle the flow into the sample container at the startof the filling process so the sample i
45、s introduced slowly,without turbulence, until there is enough volume so thatincreasing the flow does not cause bubbling or frothing. If theinitial fill rate is too fast, properly dispose of the extractedsample and then refill the sample container to maintain sampleintegrity.7.3.6 Seal the sample con
46、tainer and label as required.NOTE 4The analyzer reading may need to be documented at the timeof filling for validation samples.FIG. 1 Diagram Line SampleD7453 1838. Automatic Sampling systems8.1 An automatic composite sample collecting system con-sists of sample conditioning upstream of the sampling
47、 location,a device to physically extract a grab from the sample loop, aflow measurement device for flow proportioning, a means tocontrol the total volume of sample extracted, a sample receiverto collect and store the grabs and, depending on the system, asample receiver/mixing system. See Fig. 2. Uni
48、que propertiesof the petroleum product being sampled may require theindividual components or the entire system be insulated, orheated, or both. Since the sample is collected throughout a fullbatch, the analysis of this sample can be used to validate theanalyzer flow proportioned average property val
49、ue calculatedby Practice D6624.9. Procedure9.1 Sampling Frequency:9.1.1 The sample shall be extracted in a flow proportionedmanner9.1.2 The grab volume shall be consistent throughout thebatch.9.1.2.1 The variation between the maximum and minimumgrab volume will not exceed 10 % of the set grab volume.9.1.3 The batch will be sampled at a minimum of once every16 m3(100 barrels) of sample stream flow past the sampleprobe.9.1.4 Collect the maximum number of grabs from the batchthat the equipments extraction frequency, extraction grab size,and volume limitation
