1、Designation: D7547 09An American National StandardStandard Specification forUnleaded Aviation Gasoline1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications forpurchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intendedprimarily
3、for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviationgasoline, containing no lead. It does not include all gasolinessatisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-ment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require anarrower, range of characte
4、ristics than is shown by thisspecification.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at thetime and place of delivery.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included i
5、n thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-troleum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Reid Method)D873 Test Method f
7、or Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels(Potential Residue Method)D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD2386 Test Method for Freezing
8、 Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity ofAviationand Distillate FuelsD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3338 Test Method for
9、Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling o
10、f Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionM
11、ethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pres
12、sure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02
13、 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.02 on Aviation Gasoline.Current edition approved July 15, 2009. Published November 2009. DOI:10.1520/D7547-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Serv
14、ice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 unleaded aviation gasoline, ngasoline po
15、ssessing spe-cific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by recip-rocating spark ignition engines, where lead is not intentionallyadded for the purpose of enhancing octane performance.3.2.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volatilitylimits, stability, detonation-free performance in
16、the engine forwhich it is intended, and suitability for low temperatureperformance.4. Classification4.1 One grade of unleaded aviation gasoline is provided,known as: Grade UL 91.NOTE 1Grade UL 91 is based on its octane number as measured byTest Method D2700 motor method.5. Materials and Manufacture5
17、.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise speci-fied in this specification, shall consist of blends of refinedhydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline,or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatichydrocarbons, or both.5.2 AdditivesThese may be added to each
18、grade of un-leaded aviation gasoline in the amount and of the compositionspecified in the following list of approved materials. Thequantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer.Additives added after the point of manufacture shall also bedeclared.5.2.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation
19、 inhibitors maybe added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not includingweight of solvent) per litre of fuel.5.2.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.5.2.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.5.2.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.
20、5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 %maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.5.2.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25% maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.5.2.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenolplus 28 % maximum monomethyl and
21、dimethyl tertiary bu-tylphenols.5.2.1.7 N,N-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.5.2.1.8 N,N-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.5.2.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)One of the fol-lowing may be used:5.2.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordancewith the requirements of Specificat
22、ion D4171 (Type II). Maybe used in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manu-facturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 2Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) can reduce knock ratingsbelow minimum specification values (see X1.2.3).35.2.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-
23、EGME),conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (TypeIII) may be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %when required by the aircraft owner/operator.5.2.2.3 Test Method D5006 may be used to determine theconcentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity Addi
24、tiveStadis 4504in con-centrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuelconductivity necessitates retreatment with electrical conductiv-ity additive, further addition is permissible up to a maximumcumulative level of 5 mg/L of Stadis 450.45.2.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corro-s
25、ion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrationsnot to exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)listed for each additive.DCI-4A MAC = 22.5 g/m3DCI-6A MAC = 9.0 g/m3HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m3PRI-19 MAC = 22.5 g/m3UNICOR J MAC = 22
26、.5 g/m3SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m36. Detailed Requirements6.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline shall conform to therequirements prescribed in Table 1.6.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be lessthan the minimum values specified in Table
27、1. No allowanceshall be made for the precision of the test methods. Todetermine the conformance to the specification requirement, atest result may be rounded to the same number of significantfigures as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multipledeterminations are made, the average result, rounded
28、accordingto Practice E29, shall be used.7. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance7.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline specified in this speci-fication shall be free from undissolved water, sediment, andsuspended matter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseatingor irritating. No substances of known dang
29、erous toxicity underusual conditions of handling and use shall be present.8. Sampling8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-dures in Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.8.1.1 Although automatic sampling following PracticeD417
30、7 may be useful in certain situations, initial refineryspecification compliance testing shall be performed on asample taken following procedures in Practice D4057.8.2 A number of unleaded aviation gasoline properties,including copper corrosion, electrical conductivity, and othersare very sensitive t
31、o trace contamination which can originatefrom sample containers. For recommended sample containers,refer to Practice D4306.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1526.4Stadis is a registered trademark marketed by I
32、nnospec, Inc., Innospec Manu-facturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.D7547 0929. Report9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformancewith the requirements of this specification shall be mutuallyagreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the unleadedaviati
33、on gasoline.10. Test Methods10.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM testmethods:10.1.1 Knock Value (MON)Test Method D2700.10.1.2 DensityTest Methods D1298 or D4052.10.1.3 DistillationTest Method D86.10.1.4 Vapor PressureTest Met
34、hods D323, D5190,orD5191.10.1.5 Freezing PointTest Method D2386.10.1.6 SulfurTest Method D2622.10.1.7 Net Heat of CombustionTest Methods D4529 orD3338.10.1.8 Corrosion (Copper Strip)Test Method D130,2 h test at 100C in bomb.10.1.9 Potential GumTest Method D873 except thatwherever the letter X occurs
35、 (referring to oxidation time) insertthe number 5, designating the number of hours prescribed inthis specification.10.1.10 Water ReactionTest Method D1094.10.1.11 Electrical ConductivityTest Method D2624.11. Keywords11.1 Avgas; aviation gasoline; gasoline; unleaded Avgas;unleaded aviation gasolineTA
36、BLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Unleaded Aviation GasolineAOctane Ratings Grade 91 ASTM Test MethodBKnock value, Motor Octane NumberCmin 91.0 D2700Density at 15C, kg/m3Report D1298 or D4052Distillation D86Initial boiling point, C ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume % at C max 7540 volume % at C min 7550
37、volume % at C max 10590 volume % at C max 135Final boiling point, C max 170Sum of 10% + 50% evaporated temperatures, C min 135Recovery volume % min 97Residue volume % max 1.5Loss volume % max 1.5Vapor pressure 38C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323, D5190,orD5191DFreezing point, C max 58ED2386Sulfur, mass % ma
38、x 0.05 D2622Net heat of combustion, MJ/kgFmin 43.5 D4529 or D3338Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100C max No. 1 D130Oxidation stability (5 h aging)GD873Potential gum, mg/100 mL max 6Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 62Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450HD2624AFor compliance of test results
39、 against the requirements of Table 1, see 6.2.BThe test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.CKnock ratings shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 octane number.DTest Method D5191 shall be the referee vapor pressure method.EIf no crystals have appeared on cooling to 58C, the f
40、reezing point may be reported as less than 58C.FFor all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,Test Method D4809 shall be used.GIf mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supp
41、lier, a 16 h aging gum requirement may be specified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case thegum content shall not exceed 10 mg/100 mL. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24 mg/L.HApplies only when an electrical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifie
42、s fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall applyunder the condition at point of use:Minimum 50 pS/mMaximum 450 pS/m.The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.D7547 093APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNLEADED AVIA
43、TION GASOLINEX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline is a complex mixture ofrelatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary widely in theirphysical and chemical properties. The engines and aircraftimpose a variety of mechanical, physical, and chemical envi-ronments. The properties of unleaded
44、aviation gasoline (TableX1.1) shall be properly balanced to give satisfactory engineperformance over an extremely wide range of conditions.X1.1.2 The ASTM requirements summarized in Table 1 arequality limits established on the basis of the broad experienceand close cooperation of producers of unlead
45、ed aviationgasoline, manufacturers of aircraft engines, and users of bothcommodities. The values given are intended to define unleadedaviation gasoline suitable for most types of spark-ignitionaviation engines; however, certain equipment or conditions ofuse may require fuels having other characteris
46、tics.X1.1.3 Specifications covering antiknock quality defines thegrade of unleaded aviation gasoline. The other requirementseither prescribe the proper balance of properties to ensuresatisfactory engine performance or limit components of unde-sirable nature to concentrations so low that they will no
47、t havean adverse effect on engine performance.X1.2 Combustion Characteristics (Antiknock Quality andAntiknock Compound Identification)X1.2.1 The fuel-air mixture in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine will, under certain conditions, ignite spontane-ously in localized areas instead of progressing
48、 from the spark.This may cause a detonation or knock, usually inaudible inaircraft engines. This knock, if permitted to continue for morethan brief periods, may result in serious loss of power anddamage to, or destruction of, the aircraft engine. Whenunleaded aviation gasoline is used in other types
49、 of aviationengines, for example, in certain turbine engines where specifi-cally permitted by the engine manufacturers, knock or detona-tion characteristics may not be critical requirements.X1.2.2 The MON rating is determined in standardizedlaboratory knock test engines that are operated under pre-scribed conditions. Results are expressed as octane numbers upto 100. Octane number is defined arbitrarily as the percentageof isooctane in that blend of isooctane and n-heptane that thegasoline matches in knock characteristics when compared bythe pr
