1、Designation: D7563 10 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forEvaluation of the Ability of Engine Oil to Emulsify Water andSimulated Ed85 Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7563; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a qualitative procedure tomeasure the ability of a specific
3、 volume of engine oil toemulsify a specific added volume of combined water andsimulated Ed85 fuel upon agitation in a high-speed blender andto retain this emulsified state for at least 24 h at temperatures ofboth 20 C to 25 C and 5 C to 0 C.1.2 Information Letters are published periodically by theAS
4、TM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) to update this and othertest methods under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D02.B0.Copies of these letters can be obtained by writing the Center.21.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandar
5、d.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
6、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4485 Specification for Performance of Active API ServiceCategory Engine OilsD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for
7、 Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-ders3. Termin
8、ology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 denatured fuel ethanol, nfuel ethanol made unfit forbeverage use by the addition of denaturants. D48063.1.2 fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85), nblend of ethanol andhydrocarbon of which the ethanol portion is nominally 75 to 85volume % denatured fuel ethanol. D57983.1.3 engine oil,
9、nliquid that reduces friction or wear, orboth, between the moving parts within an engine; removesheat, particularly from the underside of pistons; and serves asa combustion gas sealant for piston rings.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIt may contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rust
10、ing, depositformation, valve train wear, oil oxidation, and foaming areexamples. D41753.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 simulated Ed85 fuel, nlaboratory blend made tosimulate Ed85 fuel by mixing 85 % denatured fuel ethanol and15 % unleaded gasoline by volume.3.2.2 test oil, na
11、ny engine oil subjected to evaluation inthis test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Distilled water, simulated Ed85 fuel, and the test oil areemulsified in a high-speed blender. Portions of the resultingemulsion are stored in two graduated cylinders (or suitablydimensioned alternative containers)
12、at temperatures of 20 C to25 C and 5 C to 0 C for 24 h. Presence or absence of anaqueous layer at the bottom of either of the containers after thistime interval is observed and reported.5. Significance and Use5.1 During engine operation, engine oil can become con-taminated by water and fuel. In the
13、case of Ed85 fuels, this1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.B0.07 on Development and Surveillance of Bench TestsMethods.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Publish
14、ed May 2016. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7563 10. DOI:10.1520/D7563-10R16.2Information letters may be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center,6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489. www.standards.astmtmc.cmu.edu.3For referenced ASTM standards, vi
15、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
16、959. United States1contamination can result in a non-emulsified aqueous bottomlayer in the oil that can affect the lubrication and detergency ofthe engine oil. To avoid field problems, engine oil should becapable of emulsifying water contamination to the extent thatno aqueous layer appears.5.2 The t
17、est described in this method is designed to evaluatethe ability of an engine oil, contaminated with a specifiedamount of water (volume fraction of 10 % of the original oilsample) and simulated Ed85 fuel (also a volume fraction of10 % of the original oil sample), to emulsify the water afteragitation
18、in a blender and to maintain this emulsion attemperatures of 20 C to 25 C and 5 C to 0 C for at least24 h.5.3 This test method has potential use in specifications ofengine lubricating oils, such as Specification D4485.6. Apparatus and Supporting Equipment6.1 BlenderCommercial laboratory blender with
19、 its asso-ciated glass or stainless steel liquid container having suitableblending capacity for this use and a blade rotating at approxi-mately 10 000 r/min 6 2000 r min as measured by a strobo-scopic tachometer.NOTE 1This speed is generally equivalent to the low-speed setting ontwo-speed commercial
20、 mixers or the “2” or “3” setting on seven-speedcommercial mixers.6.2 Glass, Graduated CylindersUnless otherwise stated,all graduated cylinders shall conform to Specification E1272,Class B, Style I.6.2.1 For Measuring Volume of Test Oil and UnleadedFuelHaving a capacity of 250 mL with graduation mar
21、ks of2 mL.6.2.2 For Measuring Volumes of Simulated Ed85 Fuel andWaterHaving a capacity of 25 mL with graduation marks of0.2 mL.6.2.3 For Preparing the Simulated Ed85 FuelGlass-stoppered and conforming to Specification E1272, Class B,Style II and having a capacity of 1 L with graduation marks of10 mL
22、.6.3 Containers for Observation of Emulsified SamplesUseeither of the following types:6.3.1 Glass-stoppered, graduated cylinders conforming toSpecification E1272, Class B, Style II and having a capacity of100 mL with graduation marks of 1 mL (see Fig. 1).6.3.2 Glass, flat-bottomed, sample bottles wi
23、th an outerdiameter of approximately 30 mm, a minimum height of150 mm and capable of being closed by a solvent resistantscrew cap (see Fig. 1). The height of the bottles should be suchthat 100 mL of fluid comes below the shoulder to allowaccurate measurement of the height of 100 mL of emulsion(see 9
24、.6 and X1.2.1).NOTE 2Asimple way of marking the sample bottles is to pour 100 mLof water from a graduated cylinder into each clean and dry bottle, mark thelevel of the water meniscus on the bottle (suggest using a glass scribingtool or triangular metal file), and dry the bottle before proceeding.6.4
25、 Temperature Chambers:6.4.1 Cold cabinet or refrigerator capable of controllingtemperature within a range of 5 C to 0 C.6.4.2 Warm cabinet or oven capable of controlling tempera-ture within a range of 20 C to 25 C.6.5 Time-Measuring Equipment:6.5.1 Stopwatch or other timer capable of measuring 1 min
26、with a minimum precision of 61s.6.5.2 Clock or other timer capable of measuring 24 h with aminimum precision of 65 min.6.6 Laboratory Hood Vented Exteriorly or Other Well-Ventilated Work SpaceSuitable for pouring volatile, flam-mable fluids such as denatured fuel ethanol and gasoline intograduated c
27、ylinders and containers. Ensure there is no ignitionsource within the hood or nearby when using an open workspace, particularly at lower levels where hydrocarbon volatilestend to congregate.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood
28、 to mean reagent water that meetsor exceeds that defined as Type IV of Specification D1193.7.2 Denatured Fuel EthanolUse product conforming toSpecification D4806. Refer to Specification D4806 and Prac-tice D5854 for information on container selection, storage andhandling. Product stored for more tha
29、n three months should bechecked to ensure it has not deteriorated or been contaminatedbefore use. (WarningDanger! Extremely flammable. Vaporsmay cause flash fire.)7.3 Unleaded GasolineUse only Haltermann EEE un-leaded fuel coded HF003.4Fuel stored for more than threemonths should be checked to ensur
30、e it has not deteriorated orbeen contaminated before use. (WarningDanger! Extremelyflammable. Health Hazard.)7.4 Cleaning SolventsReagent grade acetone and isooc-tane. (WarningDanger! Extremely flammable. Vapors maycause flash fire.)8. Hazards8.1 Specific HazardsBecause of fire danger, carefully pou
31、rdenatured fuel ethanol and gasoline into graduated cylindersand containers in a laboratory hood, preferably from containersof capacity no greater than about 2 L. See also 7.2 and 7.3.9. Procedure9.1 Clean blender and other glassware with isooctane fol-lowed by acetone (see warning in 7.4).9.1.1 Fir
32、st, rinse total inner surface of all vessels threetimes with isooctane followed by similarly rinsing three timeswith acetone and dry thoroughly.9.2 Blending the Simulated Ed85 Fuel:9.2.1 In a laboratory hood, carefully pour denatured fuelethanol (see warning in 7.2 and Section 8) into a clean, dry,4
33、The sole source of supply of this fuel known to the committee at this time isHaltermann Products, 1201 Sheldon Road, P.O Box 429, Channelview, TX77530-0429 ( If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-ments will receive care
34、ful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee,1which you may attend.D7563 10 (2016)2graduated cylinder with capacity of 1 L (see 6.2.3) so that thebottom of the meniscus is exactly at the mark at 850 mL.9.2.2 Carefully pour the gasoline (see warning in 7.3 andSection 8) into t
35、he same graduated cylinder so that the bottomof the meniscus is exactly at the mark at 1000 mL. Close thegraduated cylinder with the glass stopper.9.2.3 Place the graduated cylinder in a refrigerated cabinetheld at 5 C to 0 C for 10 min. Remove, hold the glassstopper firmly in place, and upend the g
36、raduated cylinder tentimes to mix the contents.NOTE 3When dealing with fuels in a closed container, it is goodlaboratory practice to chill the container to prevent any build-up of vaporpressure during agitation. Mixing the two fluids by upending is preferableto shaking because, if too vigorous, the
37、latter may cause a build up ofvapor pressure. Moreover, shaking two miscible components in anelongated graduated cylinder does not assure thorough mixing.9.2.3.1 Unless using immediately, store the stoppered,graduated cylinder in a refrigerated cabinet held at 5 C to0 C. For next use, allow the grad
38、uated cylinder and contents toreturn to ambient temperature and upend ten times to ensurecontents are mixed. Discard any unused simulated Ed85 fuelafter three months.NOTE 4Such storage avoids the loss of the more volatile componentsof the simulated Ed85 fuel which otherwise may adversely affect the
39、test.9.3 Using a graduated cylinder (see 6.2.1), pour 185 mL 62 mL of the test oil into the clean, dry blender.9.4 Using separate graduated cylinders (see 6.2.2), pour18.5 mL 6 0.3 mL each of the simulated Ed85 fuel and waterinto the blender.FIG. 1 Observation Containers: Graduated Cylinder with Gro
40、und Glass Stopper and Flat-bottom Sample Bottle with CapD7563 10 (2016)39.5 Place the lid on the blender and blend for 60 s 6 1sat10 000 r min 6 2000 r min.9.6 When blending is completed, pour the blended emulsioninto each of two, clean graduated cylinders (see 6.3.1)ortwopreviously marked bottles (
41、see 6.3.2 and Note 2) to the mark at100 mL (or use a graduated cylinder to pour 100 mL into eachof two, clean sample bottles; see 6.3.2). Close the graduatedcylinders with their glass stoppers (or appropriately cap thesample bottles). Place one of the two containers in a refriger-ated cabinet held a
42、t 5 C to 0 C for 24 h 6 0.5 h and theother in a warm cabinet held at 20 C to 25 C for 24 h 6 0.5 h.9.7 At the completion of the 24 h 6 0.5 h storage period,remove the containers from the temperature controlling cabi-nets and observe the presence or absence of an aqueous layerat the bottom of either
43、or both the containers.9.7.1 Fig. A1.1 and Fig. A1.2 show examples of differentappearances of emulsion and aqueous layers.9.7.1.1 Fig. A1.1 shows a comparison of samples with andwithout aqueous layers at the bottom of the 100 mL graduatedcylinders.9.7.1.2 The material at the bottom of the cylinder i
44、n Fig.A1.1(d) is considered to be an oil-continuous emulsion, asopposed to an aqueous layer, because the layer is not obviouslytransparent or clear, is of a milky-white/semi-opaque appear-ance (as opposed to the samples designated as showing anaqueous layer) and has no separation or space between th
45、emilky-white fluid volume and the volume of fluid materialabove it.9.7.1.3 Fig. A1.2 shows samples in the sample bottles inwhich the water is completely emulsified.9.7.2 An aqueous layer is considered present if there is atranslucent or semi-transparent or transparent lowest layer inthe graduated cy
46、linder.9.7.3 If there is no translucent or semi-transparent or trans-parent lowest layer in the graduated cylinder, no aqueous layeris considered present.9.7.4 If it is desired to quantify the amount of each phase,proceed as directed in Appendix X1.9.8 Clean blender and other glassware thoroughly as
47、 de-scribed in 9.1.10. Report10.1 Observable Aqueous Layer at the Bottom of the Con-tainer:10.1.1 If an aqueous layer was observed at the bottom of theglass container in 9.7.2 for the blended test mixture stored at20 C to 25 C, report this fact as observable aqueous layer at20 C to 25 C.10.1.2 If an
48、 aqueous layer was observed at the bottom of theglass container in 9.7.2 for the blended test mixture stored at5 C to 0 C, report this fact as observable aqueous layer at5 C to 0 C.10.2 No Observable Aqueous Layer at the Bottom of theContainer:10.2.1 If no aqueous layer was observed at the bottom of
49、 theglass container in 9.7.3 for the blended test mixture stored at20 C to 25 C, report this fact as no observable aqueous layerat 20 C to 25 C.10.2.2 If no aqueous layer was observed at the bottom of theglass container in 9.7.3 for the blended test mixture stored at5 C to 0 C, report this fact as no observable aqueous layerat 5 C to 0 C.10.3 Reference this ASTM test method when reportingresults obtained using the test method.11. Precision and Bias511.1 No statistical information
