1、Designation: D7580/D7580M 09Standard Test Method forRotary Stretch Wrapper Method for Determining theReadability of Passive RFID Transponders on HomogenousPalletized or Unitized Loads1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7580/D7580M; the number immediately following the designation i
2、ndicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method quantitatively evaluat
3、es the readabilityof radio frequency identification (RFID) tagged unitized loadin a simulated stretch wrapper read point scenario.1.2 This test method is intended for use in laboratorysettings that simulate, as closely as is practicable, the distribu-tion environment of the product being tested or w
4、ithin theactual distribution environment itself.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from th
5、e two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
6、bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (t
7、he Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms and definitions used in these testmethods may be found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 firmwarea series of programmable instructions,stored in read-only memory (ROM), whi
8、ch controls the capa-bilities of an interrogator.3.2.2 material handling basea generalized term referringto any apparatus used to facilitate assembling, mechanicalhandling, transporting, or storing of a unitized load (forexample, pallets, slip-sheets or skids).3.2.3 Radio Frequency Identification (R
9、FID)a wirelessdata communication technology that uses radio waves totransfer data from one source to another.3.2.4 RFthe energy used by RFID systems to activatetransponders and wirelessly transfer information.3.2.5 RF inhibitinga substance or material that causes asignificant reduction in the effect
10、iveness of radio waves thatreach an RFID transponder.3.2.6 softwarean array of logic, displayed as an applica-tion, used to access and control a device.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is used to determine the read perfor-mance of an RF system inclusive of the reader, antennae, andtrans
11、ponders with a unitized load of RF tagged unit case loads.The test is conducted with the unitized load being stretchwrapped by an automated rotary stretch wrapping machinewhile the unitized load is subjected to a stationary RF field,provided by surrounding RF antennae.5. Significance and Use5.1 This
12、 test method is intended to be used as a means toverify the readability of RFID tagged unitized loads.5.2 This test method simulates an RF read point at stage ofunitizing a load using a stretch wrapper. Reading RF tags on astretch wrapper is beneficial because the dynamic rotarymotion of the unitize
13、d load within the stationary RF fieldincreases the likelihood of successful reads.5.3 This test method is intended for systems used exclu-sively within the United States. Additional test standards fromISO or other standards bodies may apply to internationallyhandled goods, and may include additional
14、 test scenarios notoutlined in this document.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.17 on Auto-IDApplications.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. DOI:10.1520/D7580_D7580M-09.2For r
15、eferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Interferences6.1 RFID systems are subject to interference from metal,water, and ambient RF energy. If significant levels of any ofthese interferences are present in the immediate testing area,the observed read performance will be affected. Due tounc
17、ontrolled variation in testing facilities, numerical values forinterference cannot be stated. Possible sources of interferenceshall be documented in the final report.6.1.1 Documentation of interference shall include informa-tion regarding, material, size, and location relative to interro-gator anten
18、na.6.2 If significant levels of interference are unavoidable,testing shall be conducted in such a manner that interferencesremain unchanged throughout testing.7. Atmospheric Conditions7.1 Testing shall be conducted at Standard ConditioningAtmosphere, 23 6 1C (73.4 6 2F) and 50 6 2 % relativehumidity
19、 unless otherwise noted as per 13.1.1.7.2 The exact measurement of temperature and relativehumidity of the testing atmosphere shall be made as close tothe specimen being exposed as is possible. (See Test MethodE337 for a detailed description of methods.) The temperatureand relative humidity indicate
20、d at the control point may not berepresentative of conditions elsewhere in the conditioned spacedue to local effects or deficiency in air circulation. Tolerancesat the controller usually must be smaller than those at thespecimen.8. Apparatus8.1 Material Handling Equipment. The equipment used tomove
21、the unit load. This equipment may consist of a manual orelectronic pallet jack, fork truck, or clamp truck.8.2 Stretch WrapperAny machinery used to automaticallyunitize a load using a stretch film.8.3 RFID System:8.3.1 InterrogatorA manufactured device that communi-cates with RFID transponders by me
22、ans of antennae, andcommunicated transponder information to the host computer.8.3.2 Interrogator AntennaA manufactured device thatemits RF energy to transponders and receives information fromtransponders in the form of reflected RF energy.8.3.3 TransponderAmicrochip with a small conductiveantenna th
23、at receives RF energy from the interrogator antennaand reflects the information on the microchip back to theinterrogator antenna in the form of RF energy.8.3.4 Host ComputerAny computer with the proper soft-ware to communicate with and operate the RFID interrogator.9. Test Specimen9.1 Each unitized
24、load shall be comprised of a specifiedquantity of loaded containers, representative of a productionrun unitized load.9.2 Each loaded container shall consist of a representativeproduction run package, or components of an assembledpackaging system, to include primary, secondary, and/or ter-tiary packa
25、ging up through the shipping case level.9.3 An RFID transponder specimen shall be a randomlyselected transponder from an RFID transponder inventory.10. Conditioning10.1 Test specimens shall be conditioned at the standardconditioning atmosphere of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) for aminimum of 24 h prior to t
26、esting (see Practice D4332) unlessotherwise noted as per 13.1.1.11. ProcedureTest Method for Time Based Stretch Wrapper Testing11.1 Assembling the Palletized Load:11.1.1 Affix a single RFID container transponder to each ofthe containers to be assembled into the unitized load.11.1.1.1 The location at
27、 which transponders are affixed tounit case loads shall represent, as closely as possible, theplacement of the transponder in a production scenario.11.1.2 Record the EPC number of each container transpon-der, visually, on the container to which it is attached so that theperformance of individual tra
28、nsponders can be associated withthe relative position of the container within the unitized load.11.1.3 Assemble the tagged containers into a unitized loadthat is consistent with a production run load with respect tostacking pattern, number of tiers, number of containers, con-tainer orientation, and
29、material handling base (pallet, skidplatform, and so forth).11.2 Assemble the RFID system.11.2.1 The location and quantity of the interrogator anten-nae shall be documented and held constant throughout testing.NOTE 1The configuration of the interrogator antennae is a criticalvariable affecting the r
30、eadability of unitized loads.11.3 Place the unitized load in the center of the stretchwrapper platen.NOTE 2Attachment of stretch film to the unitized load is not neces-sary.11.4 Set the stretch wrapper to continuously rotate at 12 61 rpm. Start the stretch wrapper.11.5 Turn the interrogator on and a
31、llow it to run for 10 sbefore turning it off.11.6 Record the following information by either saving atest file or recording the information manually from the RFsystem software:11.6.1 The total number of container transponders read.11.6.2 The EPC number of each container transponder read.11.6.3 The n
32、umber of reads accumulated for each containertransponder.11.7 Repeat steps 11.4 through 11.6 thirty (30) times toenhance statistical validity.Test Method for Cycle Based Stretch Wrapper Testing11.8 Assembling the Palletized Load:11.8.1 Affix a single RFID container transponder to each ofthe containe
33、rs to be assembled into the unitized load.11.8.1.1 The location at which transponders are affixed tounit case loads shall represent, as closely as possible, theplacement of the transponder in a production scenario.11.8.2 Record the EPC number of each container transpon-der, visually, on the containe
34、r to which it is attached so that theperformance of individual transponders can be associated withthe relative position of the container within the unitized load.D7580/D7580M 09211.8.3 Assemble the tagged containers into a unitized loadthat is consistent with a production run load with respect tosta
35、cking pattern, number of tiers, number of containers, con-tainer orientation, and pallet movement apparatus (pallet, slipsheet, and so forth).11.9 Assemble the RFID system.11.9.1 The location and quantity of the interrogator anten-nae shall be documented and held constant throughout testing.NOTE 3Th
36、e configuration of the interrogator antennae is a criticalvariable affecting the readability of unitized loads.11.10 Place the unitized load in the center of the stretchwrapper platen and attach the end of the stretch film to theunitized load.11.11 Begin the stretch wrapper wrap cycle and simulta-ne
37、ously turn the interrogator on so that it begins reading.NOTE 4Results can be affected by the speed of rotation, the up anddown speed of stretch wrapper carriage, and the total number of rotationsoccurring during the wrap cycle. These variables shall be documented andheld constant throughout testing
38、.11.12 At the moment when the stretch wrapper platencomes to rest, turn the interrogator off.11.13 Record the following information by either saving atest file or recording the information manually from the RFsystem software:11.13.1 The total number of container transponders read.11.13.2 The EPC num
39、ber of each container transponderread.11.13.3 The number of reads accumulated for each con-tainer transponder.11.14 Remove the stretch film from the unitized load.11.15 Repeat steps 11.11 through 11.14 thirty (30) times toenhance statistical validity.12. Interpretation of Results12.1 Case transponde
40、rs reading three or more times in asingle trial are denoted as “passed.”12.2 Case transponders reading less than three times in asingle trial are denoted as “failed.”12.3 If all case transponders in a unitized load pass, theunitized load is considered RFD transparent.12.4 If any case transponder fai
41、ls, the unitized load isconsidered RF inhibiting.13. Report13.1 Report the following information:13.1.1 A statement that the test was conducted in compli-ance with these test methods or a description of any devia-tion(s) from these test methods.13.1.2 Identification of the RFID system including:13.1
42、.2.1 Identification of the make, model and firmwareversion of the interrogator.13.1.2.2 Identification of the make and model of the inter-rogator antenna.13.1.2.3 Identification of the make and model of the tran-sponder.13.1.2.4 Identification of the make, model and softwareversion (where applicable
43、) of the host computer.13.1.2.5 All relevant reader settings where available (that is,power setting, reader operation mode).13.1.3 Description of the unitized load.13.1.3.1 Description of the product, internal packaging,shipping container, and closure system, where applicable.13.1.4 Description of a
44、ntennae configuration including:13.1.4.1 Number of antennae used.13.1.4.2 Location of each antenna.13.1.4.3 Photograph or illustration of antennae configura-tion.13.1.5 The temperature and humidity conditioning prior totesting.13.2 Graphical Representation:13.2.1 A visual representation of the read
45、performance ofeach case in the palletized load shall be developed. Thediagram will include an over head view representing each ofthe loaded containers, separated by layer.13.2.2 Data shall be included on the figure to denote thefollowing information about each loaded container:13.2.2.1 Whether or no
46、t the container was passed in alltrials,NOTE 5 If the container is only detected in some of the trials,information should be included to indicate the percentage of trials inwhich the case was detected.13.2.2.2 The average number of reads per container pertrial, and13.2.2.3 The approximate position o
47、f the RFID tag appliedto each loaded container.14. Precision and Bias14.1 PrecisionBased on replicate testing in one laboratoryusing Avery Dennison AD220 transponders and an ImpinjSpeedway reader, the pooled standard deviation of time basedtesting was 12.6 reads per tag per trial, with an average of
48、 307reads per trial. The pooled standard deviation of cycle basedtesting was 28.4 reads per tag per trial, with an average of 2282reads per trial. These estimates of within-laboratory repeatabil-ity may vary with other equipment, transponders, productloads, test conditions, and so forth.14.2 BiasThe
49、 procedures in this test method have no biasbecause there are no accepted reference materials or proce-dures.15. Keywords15.1 packaging; radio frequency identification (RFID);stretch wrapper; transponder; unitized loadD7580/D7580M 093ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibili
