1、Designation: D7660 10Standard Guide forConducting Internal Pressure Tests on United Nations (UN)Packagings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7660; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized methodand a set of basic instructions for performing internal andhydrostat
3、ic pressure testing on packaging designs.1.2 This guide provides information to help clarify variousterms used as part of the United Nations (UN) certificationprocess that may assist in determining the applicable test.1.3 This guide provides the suggested minimum informa-tion that should be document
4、ed when conducting pressuretesting.1.4 This guide provides information for recommendedequipment and fittings for conducting pressure tests.1.5 This guide is based on the current information containedin 49 CFR, 173.27 and 178.605.1.6 When testing packaging designs intended for hazardousmaterials (dan
5、gerous goods), the user of this guide shall betrained in accordance with 49 CFR 172.700 and otherapplicable hazardous materials regulations such as the ICAOTechnical Instructions, IMDG Code, and carrier rules such asthe IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be reg
6、arded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determ
7、ine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4919 Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials Packag-ingsD4991 Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty RigidContainers by Vacuum Method2.2 Federal Standard:349 CFR U.S. Department of Transporta
8、tion Code of FederalRegulations Title 49, Transportation Parts 100-1852.3 UN Standard:4UN United Nations Recommendations on the Transport ofDangerous Goods, Model Regulations2.4 IATA Standard:5IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations2.5 ICAO Standard:6ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport ofDan
9、gerous Goods by Air2.6 IMDG Standard:7IMDG Code International Maritime Dangerous GoodsCode3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bar, nmetric unit of atmospheric pressure equal to14.50 psi (lb/in.2), 1.02 kg/cm2, 29.53 in.-Hg, or 0.9869atmosphere.3.1.2 hydrostatic pressure test, ninternal pressure test
10、conducted on a container or packaging filled with water andpressurized with water or other suitable means; regulatoryreference sections: 49 CFR 178.605, UN 6.1.5.5, IMDG Code6.1.5.5, ICAO 6.4.5, and IATA 6.3.5.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThis test is required for all single andcomposite packagings intended fo
11、r shipping liquid dangerousgoods (hazardous materials). For single and composite pack-agings, the test pressure rating will appear as part of the UNspecification marking sequence. This test may also be used tocomply with the pressure differential requirements for airtransportation (49 CFR 173.27) fo
12、r inner packagings of1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSystems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2010. Published September 2010. DOI:10.152
13、0/D766010.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Sup
14、erintendent of Documents,Washington, DC 204029371, http:/phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat.4Available from the UN Economic Commission for Europe, InformationService, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland, http:/www.unece.org/trans/danger/danger.htm.5Available from the International Air Transport Ass
15、ociation (IATA), 800 PlaceVictoria, PO Box 113, Montreal, Quebec, H4Z 1M1, Canada, http:/www.iata.org.6Available from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 999University St., Montreal, Quebec, H3C 5H7, Canada, http:/www.icao.org.7Available from the International Marine Organization (
16、IMO), 4 Albert Em-bankment, London, SE1 7SR, U.K., http:/www.imo.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Sbination packagings intended for shipping liquid hazard-ous materials. For further discussion and clarification, refer tot
17、he pressure differential section.3.1.3 inches-mercury, in.-Hg, npressure exerted by a2.54-cm high column of mercury that has a density of13.5951 g/cm3when the acceleration of gravity has the stan-dard value of 9.8 m/s2; used as a unit in the measurement ofatmospheric pressure. One in.-Hg is equal to
18、 3.3864 kPa or0.491154 psi.3.1.4 kilopascal, kPa, nunit of pressure in the SI systemof international units, the primary, standard system used by theUnited Nationals (UN) and the U.S. Department of Transpor-tation (DOT) throughout their respective regulations per 49CFR 171.10.3.1.4.1 DiscussionTo con
19、vert kPa to psi, multiply by0.14513 (95 kPa 3 0.14513 = 13.8 psi). For single andcomposite packagings, the test pressure rating will appear aspart of the UN specification marking sequence and shall beshown in kPa.3.1.5 leakproofness test, npressure test conducted on anempty container or packaging an
20、d pressurized with air or othersuitable means; regulatory reference sections: 49 CFR178.604, UN 6.1.5.4, IMDG Code 6.1.5.4, ICAO 6.4.4, andIATA 6.3.4.3.1.5.1 DiscussionAll packagings intended to contain liq-uids, except the inner packagings of combination packagings,shall be capable of passing a lea
21、kproofness test. Methods tocomply are outlined in Appendix B to Part 178 of DOT, 49CFR.3.1.5.2 DiscussionThe definition for leakproofness is pro-vided in this guide, but the test methods will be addressed in aseparate standard.3.1.6 packagings, nreceptacles and any other componentsor materials neces
22、sary for the receptacle to perform its con-tainment function and includes nonbulk packagings and com-posite packagings and are: designed to contain a net mass notexceeding 400 kg; designed with a capacity not exceeding 450L; not intended to transport most gases; not intended totransport infectious s
23、ubstances; not intended to transport mostradioactive materials; and not an intermediate bulk container(IBC) as defined in UN Recommendations 6.5.3.1.7 pounds per square inch, psi, nunit of measure in theEnglish measurement system.3.1.7.1 DiscussionTo convert psi to kPa, multiply by 6.89(13.8 psi 3 6
24、.89 = 95 kPa).3.1.8 pressure differential test, ncombination packagingswith inner packagings containing liquid hazardous materialsshall be capable of meeting the pressure differential require-ments for transport by air; regulatory reference sections: 49CFR 173.27(c), ICAO 4; 1.1.6, and IATA 5.0.2.9.
25、3.1.8.1 DiscussionThe pressure differential is intended toconsider both the reduced external pressure as a result ofchanges in altitude as well as increased internal pressure as aresult of the vapor pressure of the hazardous materials in thepackage. To meet the pressure differential requirement, the
26、following tests may be used:(1) hydrostatic pressure, nThe hydrostatic pressure testmethod should be used for all nonrigid containers and innerpackagings. Nonrigid containers are those that expand underpressure such as plastic bottles or vials and thin walled metalcontainers;(2) vacuum pressure, nTh
27、e vacuum pressure test is anappropriate method for rigid containers and inner packagings ifthe required test pressure (pressure differential) is 95 kPa orless. A container is considered rigid if it does not volumetri-cally expand more than 0.5 % of its nonpressurized volume atambient temperature whe
28、n subjected to an internal pressure of1 atmosphere (100 kPa) as specified in Test Method D4991.Rigid containers are those such as glass bottles and vials,earthenware, and plastic and metal containers with thickerwalls that do not significantly expand under pressure.3.1.8.2 DiscussionThe appropriate
29、pressure differentialtest method shall be validated to confirm the minimum requiredinternal pressure has been met.3.1.8.3 DiscussionThe vacuum pressure method shouldnot be used for “nonrigid” or flexible containers. When aflexible packaging such as a plastic bag is subjected to avacuum test, the air
30、 (fill material) inside the bag will cause theflexible packaging to expand and, subsequently, the internalpressure will decrease. The pressure differential of the test isinversely related to the volume increase of the sample; there-fore, large volume increases detract from the severity of thetest.3.
31、1.9 torr, nunit of measure for the pressure exerted by 1mm of mercury equal to1760 th of standard atmosphericpressure; used to measure pressure in vacuum systems.3.1.9.1 DiscussionThe corresponding SI unit is the pascal(Pa). It is a unit of pressure that is equal to approximately1.316 3 103atmospher
32、es or 133.3 Pa (0.1333 kPa).4. Significance and Use4.1 Dangerous goods (hazardous materials) regulations re-quire performance tests to be conducted on packaging designsbefore being authorized for use. The regulations do not includestandardized procedures for conducting performance tests and,because
33、of this, may result in a non-uniform approach anddifferences in test results between testing facilities.4.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidance and toestablish a set of common practices for conducting internalpressure tests on packagings under going UN certificationtesting or packagings
34、 required to meet pressure capabilityrequirements. For more information on the UN certificationrequirements, refer to Guide D4919.5. Equipment5.1 Recommended Test Equipment:5.1.1 Appropriate Packaging Closing Equipment (Cali-brated as Applicable)Closing equipment such as torquewrench, torque meter,
35、lid press, cover/closure crimping tools,and so forth to prepare the packaging as for transport.5.1.2 Water Supply Source:5.1.2.1 Water supply source system should be designed tominimize water pressure fluctuations during the test.5.1.2.2 The water source can be building supplied waterprovided fluctu
36、ations in pressure do not occur during the test.5.1.2.3 Recommended to have a separate water supply tankassembly. Air pressure may be used to pressurize the waterD7660 102supply tank to provide adequate water pressure to the testsample. Refer to Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3.5.1.3 Regulator valve to ma
37、intain proper water pressure totest containers used to maintain an even pressure throughoutthe duration of the test.5.1.4 Manifold station to distribute water from water supplysource through the regulator to the test containers. Refer to Fig.1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3.5.1.5 Hose or hard piping as require
38、d.5.1.6 Pressure gauge(s), psi/kPa, dual marked and calibrated(digital preferred).5.1.6.1 Gauge to monitor water supply pressure.5.1.6.2 Gauge(s) to monitor pressure inside test packag-ing(s).5.1.6.3 Any gauges used should be calibrated and have anaccuracy in the range of 63%.5.1.7 Connection Fittin
39、g/Valves, Adaptors, Gaskets, andBushings (or Other Equally Effective Means) as Needed5.1.7.1 Fitting/valve for water inlet to test container.5.1.7.2 Fitting/valve for air release, drainage, and pressuremonitoring.5.1.7.3 Fitting/valve for pressure monitoring (if this is notcombined with air release
40、fitting).NOTE 1When combining fittings and valves, take care to make surethe assembly does not interfere with the reading on the gauge. A longextension of the fitting may not provide an accurate pressure reading of thetest container. Fittings extending above or beyond the test containershould be kep
41、t as short as possible to maintain accurate values and stablefittings.5.1.8 Drill and appropriate drill bit.5.1.9 ThermometerCalibrated 0 to 50C minimum range.5.1.10 Timer with Audible Alarm0 to 60 min.5.2 Recommended Safety Equipment:5.2.1 Safety glasses with side shield.5.2.2 Glovesfabric, leather
42、, or rubber slip resistant, asappropriate.6. Sample Size6.1 Inner Packagings for Air TransportThe regulationscurrently do not have a required sample size specified for thepressure differential test on the inner packaging of a combina-tion packaging, but three specimens are recommended. Refer-ence 49
43、 CFR, 173.27(c) for additional information.NOTE 2The number of test specimens does not invalidate the testresults.6.2 Packagings (Nonbulk)Three specimens are required.7. Containers7.1 Selection:7.1.1 Randomly select appropriate specimens to be tested.7.1.2 Visually inspect specimens to:7.1.2.1 Verif
44、y all closures, plugs, gasket, accessories, and soforth match the closing instructions, and7.1.2.2 Determine if the container has a properly formedsealing surface (record any blemishes or defects).7.2 Preparation:7.2.1 Location of Fittings and GaugesCare should betaken not to attach fittings to cont
45、ainer embossments or othergeometries that could possibly compromise the integrity of thecontainer or invalidate the test. The report should describe ingeneral how many fittings are used and where fittings andgauges are located. Photo documentation is appropriate.NOTE 3To reduce the possibility of in
46、consistent results between testsamples, gauges and fittings should be located in the same location.7.2.1.1 Single and Composite PackagingsFor all singleand composite packaging designs, the pressure gauges andfittings should be located in the highest possible point of thetest orientation.NOTE 4This m
47、ay not always be the top head of the container if thecontainer is tested in the horizontal orientation.7.2.1.2 Inner PackagingsIt may be difficult to attachfittings to the top head of smaller containers.FIG. 1 Larger Container Internal Hydrostatic Pressure Station Example (Drawing)D7660 103FIG. 2 La
48、rger Container Internal Hydrostatic Pressure Station Example (Photograph)D7660 104(1) Glass BottlesIf the required test pressure is 95 kPa orless, a vacuum pressure test is recommended for all glassbottles or vials. If the required test pressure is more than 95kPa, the hydrostatic pressure test may
49、be conducted, but careshould be taken when fittings are attached. The fittings shouldbe attached to the closure area provided the closure integrity ismaintained.(2) F-style Metal or Aluminum CansAttach fittings to theside or bottom of the container and avoid placing them nearclosures and seams.(3) Friction-fit Cans (Paint Cans)Attach fittings to theside or bottom of the container and avoid placing them on theplug or cover or near seams.(4) Plastic BottlesAttach fittings to the side or bottom ofthe container and avo
