1、Designation: D7919 14 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Guide forFilter Debris Analysis (FDA) Using Manual or AutomatedProcesses1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7919; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONTypically, main lubrication systems incorporate in-system filters to maintain an appropriatelubricant cleanli
3、ness level during operation. Since the lubrication filter element removes and retainsa major portion of the solid contamination in the lubrication system, evaluation of the debris capturedwithin the filter element aids in the determination of machine condition and root cause analysis (RCA).The past
4、decade has seen more widespread use of filter debris analysis (FDA) as a condition-monitoring tool to detect and analyze abnormal contaminant ingression into the lube system andpredict lube system component wear. This is in part due to the increased use of finer filtration inmachinery which results
5、in a decrease of wear debris available for detection by traditional sampled oilanalysis. The U. S. military and other militaries around the world as well as Original EquipmentManufacturers have adopted FDAtechniques. Commercial in-service oil laboratories are also utilizinga wide range of FDA techni
6、ques, from manual to automated. It is necessary to provide a guide toimprove analysis and comparison of data.1. Scope1.1 This guide pertains to removal and analysis techniquesto extract debris captured by in-service lubricant and hydraulicfilters and to analyze the debris removed.1.2 This guide sugg
7、ests techniques to remove, collect andanalyze debris from filters in support of machinery healthcondition monitoring.1.3 Debris removal techniques range from manual to auto-mated.1.4 Analysis techniques vary from visual, particle counting,microscopic, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic emission spec-t
8、roscopy (AES), and scanning electron microscopy energydispersive x-rays (SEMEDX).1.5 This guide is suitable for use with the following filtertypes: screw on, metal mesh, and removable diagnostic layerfilters.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
9、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on
10、standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determ
11、ination ofUsed and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils byInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-etry (ICP-AES)D6595 Test Method for Determination of Wear Metals andContaminants in Used Lubricating Oils or Used HydraulicFluids by Rotating Disc Electrode Atomic Emission Spec-trometryD76
12、69 Guide for Practical Lubricant Condition Data TrendAnalysis1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.96.06 on Practices and Techniques for Prediction and Determination ofMicro
13、scopic Wear and Wear-related Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7919 14. DOI: 10.1520/D7919-14R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Se
14、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in
15、 accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D7684 Guide for Microscopi
16、c Characterization of Particlesfrom In-Service LubricantsD7685 Practice for In-Line, Full Flow, Inductive Sensor forFerromagnetic and Non-ferromagnetic Wear Debris De-termination and Diagnostics for Aero-Derivative and Air-craft Gas Turbine Engine BearingsD7690 Practice for Microscopic Characterizat
17、ion of Par-ticles from In-Service Lubricants by Analytical Ferrogra-phyD7720 Guide for Statistically Evaluating Measurand AlarmLimits when Using Oil Analysis to Monitor Equipmentand Oil for Fitness and ContaminationD7898 Practice for Lubrication and Hydraulic Filter DebrisAnalysis (FDA) for Conditio
18、n Monitoring of Machinery2.2 Other Documents:TTCP-AER-TP3-TR01-2010 Filter Debris Analysis Guide,July 2010, published by The Technical Cooperation Pro-gram (TTCP)3SAE AIR1828 Guide to Oil System Monitoring in AircraftGas Turbine Engines43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 lubricant condition monitor
19、ing, na field of technicalactivity in which selected physical parameters associated withan operating machine are periodically or continuously sensed,measured, and recorded for the interim purpose of reducing,analyzing, comparing, and displaying the data and informationso obtained and for the ultimat
20、e purpose of using interim resultto support decisions related to the operation and maintenanceof the machine.3.1.2 machinery health, na qualitative expression of theoperational status of a machine sub-component, component, orentire machine, used to communicate maintenance and opera-tional recommenda
21、tions or requirements in order to continueoperation, schedule maintenance, or take immediate mainte-nance action.3.1.3 prognostics, na forecast of the condition or remain-ing usable life of a machine, fluid, or component part.3.1.4 remaining useful life, na subjective estimate basedupon observations
22、, or average estimates of similar items,components, or systems, or a combination thereof, of thenumber of remaining time that an item, component, or systemis estimated to be able to function in accordance with itsintended purpose before replacement.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
23、3.2.1 filter debris analysis (FDA), nthe analysis of debrisspecifically extracted from a system filter for the purpose ofdetermining the health of the oil-wetted components withinthat system or the source of significant contaminants.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide provides practical guidance on fi
24、lter debrisanalysis of in-service lubricant filters. Various techniques fordebris removal, collection, and analysis are presented withtheir associated benefits and limitations.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to provide machinery mainte-nance and monitoring personnel with a guidelin
25、e for perform-ing filter debris analysis as a means to determine machinecondition. Correlating the filter contaminants to normal andabnormal lube system operation provides early indication ofa contaminant or component wear related lube system problem.Analysis of the contaminant collected within the
26、lube filterelement provides a tool to identify the failure mode, its rate ofprogression, and the source of the contamination.5.2 FDA differs from traditional oil analysis in that the filteris sampled instead of the fluid. Debris from the filter isremoved for analysis. FDA is an effective means of mo
27、nitoringequipment wear because the wear history is efficiently capturedin the filter matrix. Typically, more than 95 % of all releasedmetal particles larger than the filter pore size are captured in thefilter (1).5In addition, other types of particulate contamination,including seal wear material and
28、 environmental contaminationsare captured, which can also provide diagnostic information.6. Interferences6.1 Time-on-Filter InformationIf the time-on-filter is notknown, it is not possible to set limits for rate and severity ofparticulate generation.6.2 Analysis TechniquesTo compare filter debris fr
29、om likeequipment, the same filter extraction and analysis techniquesmust be utilized. Note some of the techniques in this guide arequite subjective such as visual analysis and manual extraction,which makes interpretation of results subjective.6.3 Operating ConditionsMachine operational intensityimpa
30、cts how quickly a component wears and how rapidly afault progresses. Similar equipment operating under differentconditions can generate different wear and be exposed todifferent contaminants. A relevant indicator of machine usagemust be included in any trend and limit calculations. (SeeGuides D7669
31、and D7720.) The selected usage indicator mustreflect actual machine usage, that is, life consumed forexample, stop/start cycles, megawatt hours, hours of use, orfuel consumption.6.4 Maintenance PracticesCare should be taken duringremoval of the filter to ensure that maintenance practices do notconta
32、minate the filter.7. Procedures7.1 Typically, main lubrication systems incorporate in-system filters to maintain an appropriate lubricant cleanlinesslevel during operation. The filter is incorporated either in the3Available from Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), http:/www.acq.osd.mil/ttcp/index.
33、html.4Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D7919 14 (2017)2pressure line after the main lubricant pump or on the scavengeline prior to
34、the lubricant tank. Filter elements are full-flow andprovide a coherent surface for capturing contamination in thelubricant. The porosity of the filtration medium can be opti-mized for filtration efficiency, subject to the desired filterelement service life.7.2 Filter MediaSeveral filter media types
35、 are presentedthat are suitable for FDA.7.2.1 Metal Mesh FiltersThese filters are common inengine and gearbox applications. Any of the debris extractionmethods discussed in 7.3 can be utilized.7.2.2 Removable Diagnostic LayerSome lubrication filterelements are fabricated with a removable (pull-out)
36、diagnosticlayer, comprised of a porous medium layer. Fig. 1 depicts anengine lube filter element with a diagnostic layer. Typically, theporosity of the diagnostic layer allows for efficient retention oflarger size debris (50+ m) of diagnostic interest in enginelubrication systems (2). Since most por
37、ous media used indiagnostic layers are comprised of random fiber matrices, thediagnostic layer exhibits lower, but significant, efficiencies inretaining contamination in the smaller size ranges. A primaryadvantage of the diagnostic layer is that it allows for a range ofdebris analysis from simple on
38、-site visual or microscopicexamination to more extensive laboratory analysis for deter-mining the chemical elemental composition of the debris.7.2.3 Reusable FiltersSome filters are reusable andshould be treated as a serviceable part. The filter elementmanufacturer should be consulted to determine a
39、ppropriatemethod to extract debris and to determine which tests arerequired to ensure integrity of the filter for reuse.7.2.4 Canister Filters (Screw-on Cartridge Filter)Cartridge filters are common in diesel applications. If manuallycleaning a canister filter, the outer casing may need to be cutope
40、n to reveal the filter element for processing. Dedicated filtercutters are available that shear the canister open rather thansawing it, which minimizes any metallic contaminant ingressresulting from the opening process. Note there is the possibilityof swarf contamination from the casing material dur
41、ing cutting.7.3 Debris Extraction ProcessThere are several methodsfor extracting debris from filters. They range from manuallyremoving large particles from the filter to automated filter backflushing.7.3.1 ManualManual debris removal from filters has beenpracticed for decades. Different means for re
42、moving the debrisrange from manually extracting large debris from the filter toimmersing the entire filter or sections of the filter in a solvent(such as polyol ester) compatible with the component oilsystem, separating the debris removed from the solvent bysuction flask or simple gravity drain thro
43、ugh cellulose mediasuch as a coffee filter, and then analyzing the debris by visual,microscopic, or elemental methods. While manual techniquescan be subjective and prone to interpretation anomalies, theycan produce some limited information where procedures arestrictly adhered to and where other tech
44、niques may not bepractical.7.3.2 Ultrasonic AgitationUltrasonic agitation improvesthe debris extraction from a filter element. The filter issubmerged in a solvent and exposed to ultrasonic waves for aspecified period of time. The solvent should be compatiblewith the component oil. Note some reusable
45、 filter elementscannot be cleaned using ultrasonic baths as damage to theelement filter media may result. The debris is then separatedfrom the solvent as in 7.3.1.7.3.3 AutomatedParticle recovery from filters can be per-formed automatically and efficiently using an automated filter-washing instrumen
46、t. An automated system is available thatautomatically counts, sizes and discriminates between ferrousand non-ferrous particles, prepares a patch and providesassociated elemental and alloy data utilizing its internal x-rayfluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The automated FDA instru-ment provides a repea
47、table process by incorporating an auto-mated filter back-washing fluid circuit utilizing a pulsedair/fluid mixture to remove up to 95 % of retained debris fromthe filter (1). As the filter is backwashed, debris particles flowthrough a wear debris sensor (Fig. 2) and are deposited on amembrane patch.
48、 See Figs. 3 and 4, and 7.4. The patch is thenanalyzed by an internal XRF spectrometer for elemental andalloy determination. The patch may also be analyzed by othermeans such as a microscopic analysis, SEM/EDXRF, orindividual particle analysis. See 7.5. This automated technique,with no manual handli
49、ng, provides a repeatable process forestablishing limits and trends.7.3.4 Sectional TestingSections of the filter may also becut from the filter for extraction of debris. The assumption isthat the debris is representative for the entire filter and anestimation of total debris is made. Any of the debris extractiontechniques mentioned above can be used. See Practice D7898.7.4 Media for Debris DepositionOnce the debris has beenextracted from the filter, it must be captured on some media toFIG. 1 Filter Element with Removable Diagnostic Layer FIG. 2 Particle
