1、Designation: D8109 17Standard Guide forWaterproofing Repair of Concrete by Chemical Grout CrackInjection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the selection of materials, installa-tion methods, and inspection required for sealing leaks atcracks in
3、 concrete building walls and slabs using chemicalgrout. The process discussed in this guide is a waterproofingrepair in which voids in a concrete element are sealed with areactive solution, installed by pressurized injection throughdrilled or surface-mounted ports.1.2 This guide does not address the
4、 use of chemical groutfor waterproofing by curtain grouting or injection into pre-placed permeable waterstop tubes. Injection of masonry ele-ments presents additional factors beyond the scope of thisguide. This guide does not address the use of injectablematerials for structural repairs, or for geot
5、echnical applicationssuch as soil stabilization.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to
6、 address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was
7、developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced
8、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2304 Practice for Sealing of Sewers Using ChemicalGroutingF2414 Practice for Sealing Sewer Manholes Using ChemicalGroutingF2454 Practice for Sealing Lateral Connections and linesfrom the mainline Sewer Systems by the Lateral PackerMethod, Using Chemical Grouting2.2 Int
9、ernational Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI)3Guideline No. 340.1 Guide for the Selection of Grouts toControl Leakage in Concrete Structures2.3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers:4Manual No. 1110-1-3500 Chemical Grouting2.4 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclama-tion:5Leaking Crack Repair Using
10、Chemical Grouts3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 acrylamide, norganic solid of white, odorless,acrylic resinous material available in flake-like crystals and inliquid form.3.1.2 acrylate, na general term applied to various water-soluble acrylic resinous materials
11、.3.1.3 acrylic resin, na type of resin polymerized fromacrylic acid, methacrylic acid, esters of these acids, or acrylo-nitrile.3.1.4 chemical grout, ninjection repair media other thanparticulate or cementitious grout that may be multi-component,with or without additives, and based on either polyure
12、thaneresin or acrylic resin.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-proofing and Dampproofing Systems.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. DOI:10.1520/D8109-17.
13、2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the International Concrete Repair Institute (
14、ICRI), 10600 WestHiggins Road, Suite 607, Rosemont, IL, 60018, www.icri.org.4Available from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,www.publications.usace.army.mil.5Available from U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation,www.usbr.gov/research/projects.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
15、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommenda
16、tions issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.5 cohesion, nthe state in which the constituents of amass of material are held together by chemical and physicalforces.3.1.6 control agent, nsubstance added which controls theviscosity or flow properties of
17、 the material it is added to.3.1.7 curtain grouting, ninjection of grout into a sub-surface formation in such a way as to create a barrier of groutedmaterial transverse to the direction of the anticipated waterflow. A grout curtain on the positive side of the leakingsub-grade element can be injected
18、 from the interior side of theelement or from the exterior surface.3.1.8 epoxy, na type of resin polymerized from epoxidegroups.3.1.9 gel time, ntime from the initial mixing of the resinwith catalyst to gelation, also referred to as “set time.”3.1.10 hydrophilic, adjhaving a strong affinity for wate
19、r.Hydrophilic grout will absorb water.3.1.11 hydrophobic, adjlacking affinity for water. Hydro-phobic grout will repel water.3.1.12 injection port, nport through which materials areinjected under pressure into the interior of a concrete elementvia attached mechanical pumping equipment. Injection por
20、tsmay consist of a drilled hole fitted with a packer at the opening;or an attachment device mounted flush to the surface of, ordirectly into, a crack or other void.3.1.13 oakum, nloose hemp or jute fiber, sometimestreated with resin or grout.3.1.14 packer, na tapered or expandable annular pluginsert
21、ed into a drilled hole or crack in which grout or water isto be injected, which serves as an attachment for pumpingequipment and includes a one-way valve fitting to prevent thereturn of the grout or water when material is not being injected.3.1.15 polyurethane resin, nany of various polymer resinsco
22、ntaining the urethane radical.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to be used in the selection andinstallation of chemical grout to seal leaks in concrete walls,floors, and ceilings. The procedure described in this guidefocuses on the injection of through-wall cracks, but may beadapted
23、to cold joints, control joints, voids associated withpenetrations, and other voids contributing to water intrusionthrough concrete elements. This guide is intended to assist thebuilding owner, owners representative, architect, engineer,contractor, or authorized inspector, or combinations thereof,dur
24、ing the selection, specification, or installation, or combina-tions thereof, of chemical grout for waterproofing repair.4.2 Prior to attempting any repair, it is important for allparties to have a clear and mutual understanding of thelimitations of the repair and the iterative nature of the process.
25、Injection of chemical grout does not affect the source of a leak.The repair obstructs the infiltration of water at a specificlocation only. The flow of water will be diverted elsewhere,and it is common for water to subsequently appear at a differentlocation that was previously dry. A successful camp
26、aign at agiven location can significantly reduce the amount of waterinfiltration, but may not fully prevent leakage. Given the natureof the materials and application technique, and depending onthe conditions, the repairs should be periodically monitoredand additional repair installations may be requ
27、ired.4.3 This guide is applicable to installations at below-gradewalls and slabs. At above-grade elements, temperature varia-tion on a daily or seasonal basis may lead to significant or morefrequent changes, or both, in the width of a crack or joint. Theuse of injected chemical grout may be appropri
28、ate for manyabove-grade applications, but this guide does not specificallyaddress installation of grout in dynamic cracks or joints.4.4 Cracks in below-grade walls may be a sign of structuraldistress. Prior to the injection of chemical grout, the overallconditions and context of the damage should be
29、 assessed todetermine if a non-structural repair is appropriate.4.5 This guide does not address repairs intended to providea seal against air leakage or air infiltration.4.6 Project-specific or environmental conditions such asexisting construction, prior waterproofing installations, access,water vol
30、ume or flow rate, water chemistry, temperature,humidity, and other factors may warrant the evaluation ofcurtain grouting as an alternative to crack injection.4.7 Practices F2304, F2414, and F2454 describe materialsand procedures related to the use of chemical grout to sealcomponents of sewer systems
31、. While the specific proceduresdiffer from those described in this guide, the standards containgeneral information on chemical grouting materials and meth-ods that may be of interest to those involved with waterproof-ing repair of building elements.4.8 This guide does not address the use of particul
32、ate groutsor epoxy as an injection material.5. Materials5.1 General:5.1.1 The intent of this section is to define the properties thata chemical grout should have to perform effectively in theintended application and under expected field conditions.5.1.2 It is recognized that new and improved chemica
33、l groutmaterials will become available in the future. Sources,manufacturers, formulations, and product names of materialswill change from time to time, and therefore specific manufac-turers and product names are not provided.5.2 Chemical Grout Characteristics:5.2.1 The following are general characte
34、ristics that shouldbe exhibited by the chemical grout.5.2.2 The chemical grout should have documented satisfac-tory performance in similar usage as the intended conditions.5.2.3 The chemical grout should have controllable reactiontimes.5.2.4 The chemical grout should have resistance to theconcentrat
35、ions of chemicals found in the type(s) of water thecured grout is expected to be exposed to (groundwater,stormwater, waste water, etc.).5.2.5 The chemical grout should be non-toxic in cured form.5.2.6 The chemical grout should be non-corrosive.D8109 1725.2.7 The cured chemical grout formation should
36、 not bebiodegradable.5.2.8 The cured material should withstand submergence inwater in the environment in which it is installed withoutdegradation.5.3 Material Selection:5.3.1 ICRI Guideline 340.1 provides additional informationon grout properties; guidelines on the selection of an appro-priate mater
37、ial; and the limitations, advantages, and disadvan-tages of the commonly used materials listed in 5.4.5.3.2 The selection of an appropriate sealing material orcombination of materials for a specific repair applicationdepends on a number of interrelated factors, including but notlimited to those disc
38、ussed below. The chemical grout should beable to adequately penetrate and fill a sufficient extent of thecrack or void prior to setting, and should remain in place whilecuring. The resultant chemical grout formation should preventthe passage of water (infiltration) through the crack or void.5.3.3 Fo
39、llowing the examination and discussion of theexisting conditions by all involved parties, specific character-istics that pertain to the application requirements and desiredperformance of the repair should be defined and approved bythe owners representative or project architect or engineer ofrecord.5
40、.3.4 The ability of the grout to penetrate into a crack isaffected by the width of the crack, and material propertiesincluding: viscosity, cohesion, gel time, and expansion rateduring reaction, among others. Generally, injected material willtravel more quickly through wider cracks, and will require
41、ashorter gel time. Material injected into narrow cracks mayrequire a longer gel time to facilitate travel along the full extentof the cracks. When selecting a chemical grout, a minimumrequired set time should be established that will achieveadequate grout travel under the project conditions.5.3.5 Fo
42、r any given product or formulation, material prop-erties vary due to environmental conditions. The materialproperties will likely change over the course of the injectionprocess, and can vary between laboratory- and field-preparedmaterials. Reaction times are influenced by the component andmix water
43、temperature, the mix water chemistry, and thetemperature of the concrete when injected and during curing ofthe grout. Thus, when comparing various products, it isimportant to understand the stated properties, as well as howsensitive those properties may be to the conditions and physicalstructure of
44、the cracks to be injected. Some products allow forcontrol over gel times through the preparation of the material,while others may be modified with additives (see 5.5).5.3.6 The strength and durability of the cured grout shouldbe compatible with the anticipated demands. Water type(groundwater, stormw
45、ater, waste water, etc.), current or poten-tial wet-dry cycles, ground pressures, hydrostatic pressures,loading of the element, and thermal conditions should bethoroughly reviewed when choosing or approving the appro-priate grout. Consideration of wet-dry cycles and crack move-ment is especially imp
46、ortant when selecting a polyurethanegrout, which are typically classified as either hydrophilic orhydrophobic. Hydrophilic grouts absorb water and form aflexible foam or gel, but many formulations require constantmoisture to maintain an effective seal. Hydrophobic groutsrepel water during and after
47、the reaction, and are better suitedto cyclical exposure to water. However, some hydrophobicmaterials form a rigid formation, and expansion and contrac-tion of the crack will compromise the seal.5.4 Chemical Grout Materials:5.4.1 Acrylics, acrylates, and acrylamides.5.4.2 Hydrophilic polyurethane foa
48、m or gel.5.4.3 Hydrophobic polyurethane foam or gel.5.5 Additives:5.5.1 Gel control agents are commonly used to modify thegel time of a chemical grout. In some instances, it may benecessary to modify the gel time multiple times before a crackis completely sealed. For example, if a crack varies in wi
49、dth,different gel times may be required to achieve a consistentrepair. When injecting very wide cracks, or cracks with a largevolume of flowing water, a common practice consists of aninitial injection of material with a short gel time, followed byan injection with a longer gel time. The rapidly setting materialserves to seal the majority of the opening, while the subsequentinjections are given time to travel into the remaining narrowspaces.5.5.2 Grout additives may also be used for catalyzing thereaction, inhibiting the reaction, buffering the solution, lower-ing the
