1、Designation: D8166 17Standard Test Method forSizing and Counting Particulates in Light and MiddleDistillate Fuels and Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20) UsingContinuous Flow and Bottle Sampler Automatic ParticleCounters1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8166; the number immediately follo
2、wing the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method
3、uses specific automatic particle coun-ters (APCs) to count and measure the size of dispersed dirtparticles, water droplets and other particulates, in light andmiddle distillate fuel, in the overall range from 4 m(c) to70 m(c) and in the size bands 4 m(c), 6 m(c), 14 m(c),and 30 m(c).NOTE 1ASTM speci
4、fication fuels falling within the scope of this testmethod include Specifications: D975, D1655, D3699, D7467, MIL-DTL-83133, MIL-DTL-5624, and distillate grades of D396 and D2880.NOTE 2For the purposes of this test method, water droplets arecounted as particles, and agglomerated particles are detect
5、ed and countedas a single larger particle. Dirt includes microbial particulates. Althoughthe projected area of a particle is measured, this is expressed as thediameter of a circle for the purposes of this test method. The detector isunable to distinguish between dirt and water particles.NOTE 3The no
6、tation (c), used with particle sizes, is used to denotethat the apparatus has been calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171. Asper calibration specification of ISO 11171, (c) notation is required todistinguish from previous calibration standard ISO 4402, where (c) wasnot used.NOTE 4This test method m
7、ay be used for particle sizes bands up to70 m(c), however the interim repeatability has only been determined forthe size bands 4 m(c), 6 m(c), and 14 m(c). All measurements areper millilitre.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included i
8、n thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitatio
9、ns prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tech
10、nicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D396 Specification for Fuel OilsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD3699 Specification for KerosineD4057 Practice for Manua
11、l Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD5854 Practice
12、for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsD7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend(B6 to B20)D7619 Test Method for Sizing and Count
13、ing Particles inLight and Middle Distillate Fuels, by Automatic ParticleCounter2.2 U.S. Dept. of Defense Specifications:3MIL-DTL-5624 Specification: Turbine Fuel, Aviation,Grades JP-4 (NATO F-40 and JP-5 (NATO F-44)MIL-DTL-83133 Specification: Turbine Fuel, Aviation,Kerosene Type, JP-8 (NATO F-34),
14、NATO F-35, and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.14 on on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of LiquidFuels.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published Feb
15、ruary 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8166-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available online at ASSIST
16、 Quick Search (http:/quicksearch.dla.mil).Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision
17、 on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1JP-8+100 (NATO F-37)2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 4406 Hydraulic fluid powerFluidsMethod for cod-ing level of contamination by solid p
18、articlesISO 11171 Hydraulic fluid powerCalibration of automaticparticle counters for liquidsISO 12103 Road vehiclesTest contaminants for filterevaluationPart 1: Arizona test dust2.4 Energy Institute:5IP 564 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviationturbine fuel Laboratory automatic partic
19、le countermethodIP 565 Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviationturbine fuel Portable automatic particle counter method3. Terminology3.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer toTerminology D4175.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coincidence error
20、limit, nthe highest concentrationof ISO ultrafine test dust (ISO 12103-1, A.1) that can becounted with an automatic particle counter with less than 5 %error resulting from the presence of more than one particle inthe sensing volume at a time.3.2.2 ISO Codes, na standard method for coding the levelof
21、 contamination by particles.3.2.2.1 DiscussionResults are expressed by ISO Codes asspecified by ISO 4406. These codes are written in the form ofx/y/z, where x, y and z are ISO Codes equivalent to thecumulative counts, per millilitre, for particle size bands4 m(c), 6 m(c), and 14 m(c) respectively.3.
22、2.3 particle count, nthe sum of the number of solidparticles and dispersed water droplets counted by this testmethod.3.2.4 particle size, m(c), nthe projected area of a circleequivalent in diameter to a spherical particle passing throughthe detecting cell in accordance with ISO 11171.3.2.5 particle
23、size cumulative count, nthe total number ofparticles per millilitre, in size bands, 4 m(c), 6 m(c),14 m(c), and 30 m(c).3.2.5.1 DiscussionAutomatic particle counters can alsocount the total number of particles per millilitre in other sizebands in addition to those in 3.2.5,upto70 m.3.2.6 particles,
24、nsolid particles, dispersed water dropletsand air bubbles which are detected and counted by this testmethod.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 ACFTDair clean fine test dust3.3.2 APCautomatic particle counter3.3.3 MTDmedium test dust3.3.4 UFTDultra fine test dust4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The optical measurem
25、ent cell is comprised of a lightsource and an optical sensor. The principle of operation is themeasurement of laser light obscuration. Particles/droplets en-trained within the test specimen cast shadows on the opticalsensor, causing a reduction of the output voltage of the sensor.The voltage drop is
26、 a function of the particle/droplet size. Eachdetected particle is counted, sized, and recorded. Upon comple-tion of the test, the software calculates and displays the numberof obscuration events for each of the predetermined sizechannels.4.2 The principle of operation (4.1) for automatic particleco
27、unters is the same for both continuous flow (Procedure A)and bottle sampler (Procedure B) APCs. The instruments differin the test specimen volume and the mode of operation (manualfor continuous flow APC, and automatic for bottle samplerAPC) (4.2) The only manual operation required by continuousflow
28、APC is during the initiation of each of the determinations.It is initiated by manually turning a knob.4.2.1 Continuous Flow APCThe test specimen is manu-ally mixed in its container to suspend the particles. Uponinitiation of a test, the automatic particle counter (APC) drawsthe test specimen directl
29、y from a test specimen container (seeFig. A1.1). The test sequence is started manually. The testsequence comprises of four manual initiations. The first initia-tion and resulting determination is used as a flush. The opticalmeasurement cell is flushed with 10 mL test specimen. Theremaining three det
30、erminations, each initiated manually andusing 10 mL of test specimen, are averaged and coded accord-ingly to give the test result. APC counts particles in thespecified size bands.4.2.2 Bottle Sampler APCThe test specimen is manuallymixed in its container to suspend the particles. Upon initiationof a
31、 test, the automatic particle counter (APC) draws the testspecimen directly from a test specimen container (see Fig.A1.2). The test sequence commences by flushing the opticalmeasurement cell and internal tubing known as the deadvolume. This is immediately followed by the test of 25 mL testspecimen.
32、TheAPC counts particles in the specified size bands.This is repeated automatically two more times. The results areaveraged and coded accordingly.4.3 Obtaining a representative sample and following therecommended sample and test specimen preparation proce-dures and timescales are particularly importa
33、nt with particlecounting methods (see Sections 8 and 10).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for use in the laboratory orin the field to evaluate the cleanliness of distillate fuels, andliquid biofuels, such as biodiesel and diesel blends. Thisspecific test method and the precisi
34、on statement applies tooff-line analysis.NOTE 5TheseAPCs can be used for high pressure on-line applicationsas well, however the repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) for on-lineapplication was not established.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor,
35、 New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org Available online at http:/publishing.energyinst.org/ip-test-methodsD8166 1725.2 An increase in particulate counts can indicate a changein the fuel condition
36、caused for example by contaminationduring storage or transfer. Potential causes of particulatesformation during storage could be “fuel-degradation products,”as described in Specification D975, Appendix X3.5.3 High levels of particles can cause filter blockages(especially when the particles are close
37、 in size to the filterporosity rating) and have a serious impact on the life of pumps,injectors, pistons, and other moving parts. Knowledge ofparticle size in relation to the metallurgy can provide vitalinformation, especially if the hardness of particles is alsoknown from other sources.5.4 This tes
38、t method specifies a minimum requirement forreporting measurements in particle size bands (A1.2.1). Somespecific applications may require measurements in other par-ticle size bands. The particle count from the test should becarefully interpreted by the user as it can potentially over-staterisk of ab
39、rasive damage or filter blocking due to counting waterdroplets as well as hard dirt particles.6. Apparatus6.1 Automatic Particle Counter (APC)6Operating on thelaser light obscuration principle, comprising an optical mea-surement cell, bi-directional pump, electronics, and software toanalyze the test
40、 specimen, and display and print the particlemeasurement data (see Annex A1).6.2 Test Specimen Container, cylindrical, made of glass orother suitable material, of at least 400 mL volume for Proce-dure A with provision for holding the test specimen input tubeat least 10 mm above the bottom of the con
41、tainer, or 200 mLvolume for Procedure B, and a cap with a suitable inert internalseal.NOTE 6Some containers cause particles to adhere to the walls of thecontainer due to static electricity effects. Glass test specimen containershave been found to be suitable.6.3 Waste Container, for collecting the t
42、ested test specimenand filtered solvent used for flushing.6.4 Filter Apparatus, general purpose for filtering solvents.6.4.1 Filters, cellulose, glass fiber or polycarbonatemembranes, rated at 0.45 m.6.5 Printer, to record details of the measurements andresults.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Verificat
43、ion and Calibration Fluids7containing ISOMedium Test Dust (MTD) as specified in specification ISO12103-1, A.3.7.2 Shop Airoptional for bottle sampler (Procedure B).(WarningHigh pressure, health hazard.)7.3 Isopropanolreagent grade filtered down to 0.45 m.7.3.1 Prepare the isopropanol by filtering th
44、rough a 0.45 mfilter (6.4.1) contained in a filter apparatus (6.4). Store in acontainer prepared in accordance with 10.2.7.4 IsopropanolHPLC grade, required only for procedurein Appendix X1.(WarningFlammable, health hazard.)8. Sampling8.1 Unless otherwise specified, take a sample of at least400 mL i
45、n accordance with Practices D4057, D5854, D4177,or other comparable sampling practices.8.2 If collecting field samples, use sample containers thatare capable of transporting the sample without contamination,follow Practice D4306. Examples of these are fully epoxy-lined metal or amber-colored glass c
46、ontainers with a threadedcap, fitted with an inert liner, forming a seal with the container.8.3 Prior to taking the sample, rinse the sample containerswith the product to be sampled at least three times. Each rinseshall use product equal to 10 % to 20 % of the containervolume.Arinse shall include cl
47、osing and shaking the containerfor a minimum of 5 s and then draining the product.8.4 Do not fill the sample container more than 90 % full.Overfilling adversely affects the preparation of the test speci-men as specified in 10.1.8.5 To avoid excessive agitation, and formation of bubblesgently rotate
48、the sample container end-over-end for 1 min atapproximately 1 r s by hand, or use a suitable automatedmechanical agitator. This ensures that a representative testspecimen can be drawn into the test specimen container. SeeNote 7.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Ensure that the APC is set up according t
49、o the instru-ment manufacturers operating instructions and the verificationand calibration requirements stated in both Sections 11 andA1.2.3 have been performed.9.2 Clean the outside of the test specimen input tube beforeeach test sequence by washing the outside in clean isopropanol.9.3 If a test specimen is tested that has a 4 m(c) measure-ment of over 20 000 particles per millilitre, perform several testsequences using filtered isopropanol to clean and flush themeasurement cell and the dead volume insid
