1、Designation: E110 10Standard Test Method forIndentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by PortableHardness Testers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determinati
3、on of the indentationhardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardnesstesters.1.2 This test method applies only to those portable hardnesstesters which apply the same nominal forces and use the sameindenters as are used in the methods listed in Section 2.1.3 This standard does not purport
4、 to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:22E10 T
5、est Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials2E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terials2E92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materi-als2E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE140 Hardness Conversion Tab
6、les for Metals (RelationshipAmong Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, RockwellHardness, Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hard-ness, and Scleroscope Hardness)NOTE 1Test Methods E10, E18, and E92 will be referred to in this testmethod as the “standard methods.”NOTE 2The standard methods of making
7、the three hardness tests donot preclude the use of portable hardness testers. However, the machinesusually used, and considered preferable for these tests, are generallydesigned so that the magnitude of the indenting force is fixed by deadweights acting on a small piston connected to a hydraulic loa
8、ding cylinder,or by dead weights acting through a multiple lever system. Portablehardness testers of the types covered in this method do not employ deadweights to fix the indenting forces. This imposes certain limitations andnecessitates certain precautions, which are set forth in this test method.A
9、llrequirements of the standard methods except those modified by thefollowing sections shall apply to the use of portable hardness testers.3. Apparatus3.1 Portable hardness testers are used principally for testingarticles that are too large or unwieldy to be tested in the usualtypes of testing machin
10、es, for testing parts of fixed structures,or for testing under any conditions which require that theindenting force be applied in a direction other than vertical. Inorder that they may be portable and also in order that theindenting forces may be applied in any direction, these testersare designed i
11、n such a way that dead weights are not used inapplying or limiting the indenting force.3.2 The indenting force may be applied by means of ahydraulic cylinder with a pressure gage to indicate the magni-tude of the force. The hydraulic cylinder may also be equippedwith a spring-forceed relief valve to
12、 fix the magnitude of theforce. Alternatively the indenting force may be applied bymeans of a screw through a calibrated spring with a dial gageor other means of measuring the deflection of the spring toindicate the magnitude of the force.3.3 Portable hardness testers are generally provided withvari
13、ous means of holding the indenter in contact with thesurface to be tested. The testers may be clamped to the objectto be tested, attached to an adjacent fixed object or attached tothe surface to be tested by a magnet. For testing inside a cavitythe tester may be placed against one wall of the cavity
14、 to makea test on the opposite wall.4. Procedure4.1 Whatever means is used to hold the tester to the piecebeing tested, make sure that there is no relative motion betweenthe tester and the piece when the force is applied. This isparticularly true for the portable Rockwell type tester. Mount1This tes
15、t method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 onIndentation Hardness Testing.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E
16、110 82 (2002). DOI:10.1520/E0110-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Internati
17、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the tester in such a position that the axis of the indenter isnormal to the surface to be tested.4.2 Application of Force, Portable Brinell TestPortableBrinell testers generally apply the force by means of ahyd
18、raulic cylinder equipped with both a pressure gage and aspring forceed relief value. With this arrangement it is notpossible to maintain the force at the point where the relief valveopens for any appreciable time. Therefore bring up the forceseveral times to the point where the pressure is released.
19、 It hasbeen determined that for steel, when testing with a 3000-kgfforce, three force applications are equivalent to holding theforce 15 s as required in the standard method. For othermaterials and other forces, make comparison tests to determinethe number of force applications required to give resu
20、ltsequivalent to the standard method. Bring the force up graduallyeach time without jerking.4.3 Application of Force, Portable Rockwell Type TestPortable Rockwell type testers generally apply the forcethrough a calibrated spring by means of a screw and aregenerally equipped with two indicators, one
21、a dial gage thatmeasures deflection of the spring to indicate the force, and theother a dial gage or micrometer screw to indicate the depth ofpenetration. Apply the preliminary test force as shown by theforce indicator. Set the index on the depth indicator to theproper point. Then apply the total te
22、st force. Turn the loadingscrew in the opposite direction until the preliminary test forceis again indicated on the force dial. Then read the hardness onthe depth indicator as the difference between the readings at theminor force before and after application of the major force.Bring the force up gra
23、dually without jerking. Exercise care notto exceed either the preliminary or the total test forces.Complete the removal of the total test force within 2 s after ithas been completely applied.4.4 Application of Force, Vickers Type TesterPortableVickers type testers generally apply the force by means
24、of ahydraulic cylinder equipped with a pressure gage. Bring theindenter just in contact with the test surface and check the zeroreading of the pressure gage. Then bring the force up to therequired value as shown on the pressure gage. Bring the forceup gradually without jerking and take care that the
25、 requiredforce is not overrun. Maintain the full force for at least 15 s,unless otherwise specified, and then release.5. Calibration of Apparatus5.1 Portable hardness testers shall be used only with appliedforces at which the force measuring device has been calibrated.5.2 Portable hardness testers s
26、hall also be checked for errorperiodically by the comparison method or by test blocks asdescribed in the standard methods.6. Precision and Bias6.1 A precision and bias study was conducted in late2007/early 2008 in accordance with Practice E691 to determinethe precision of Rockwell and Brinell test r
27、esults obtained withportable hardness testers. Because of the difference in theequipment used, the Rockwell and Brinell testing were treatedas two separate studies. The full results are filed under ASTMResearch Report RR:E28-1043.36.2 Seven laboratories were used for each study. Three ofthe laborato
28、ries were manufacturers of portable hardnesstesters and four were users of the equipment. The testing forfive of the laboratories was done at the November 2008 ASTMmeeting in Tampa, Florida. The remainders were done at theusers facilities. In some cases the testing was done bycalibration agency pers
29、onal.6.3 Separate studies were done for Rockwell and Brinellportable hardness testers.6.3.1 For the Rockwell scale testing, four different types ofportable hardness testers were used that were produced bythree manufacturers. Some testers were new and some wereolder and well used.6.3.2 The Brinell te
30、sts were all performed on testers fromone manufacturer since it is by far the most commonly used byindustry. The seven portable hardness testers used for theBrinell testing ranged from new to 30 years old. Five differentmeasuring systems were used to determine the size of theBrinell indent. Two were
31、 computer-controlled systems and theothers were manual hand-held scopes with 20X magnificationfrom three different manufacturers.6.4 The E110-82(2002) version of the standard was currentat the time of the study. Since the standard did not clearlyspecify that an indirect verification of the testers w
32、as required,no attempt was made to qualify them by verifying their overallperformance on test blocks before using them in the study. Allof the portable hardness testers used for the testing wereconsidered to be in good working order and typical of thoseused for everyday testing.6.5 The hardness test
33、s were made on standardized testblocks calibrated according to E18-07 or E10-07. The Rock-well HRC and HRBW and the Brinell HBW 10/3000 scaleswere used. For each scale, three test blocks were used, oneeach in the high, medium, and low hardness ranges. Three testswere performed on each test block in
34、specific locations.6.6 A summary of the test data is shown in Table 1 andTable 2 below.6.6.1 The value of rPBindicates the typical amount ofvariation that can be expected between test results obtained forthe same material by the same operator using the samehardness tester on the same day. When compa
35、ring two testresults made under these conditions, a measurement difference3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: RR:E28-1043.TABLE 1 Results of the Rockwell Hardness Precision and BiasStudyMaterials Average Hardness Sr
36、 SR rPBRPBHRC 63.53 63.59 0.29 0.80 0.82 2.25HRC 45.91 45.38 0.20 0.51 0.56 1.44HRC 24.92 25.00 0.33 0.63 0.92 1.76HRBW 93.27 93.80 0.34 1.18 0.96 3.29HRBW 60.60 61.48 0.45 1.33 1.27 3.73HRBW 41.78 42.65 0.74 1.42 2.07 3.97E110 102of less than the rPBvalue for that material is an indication thatthe
37、results may be equivalent.6.6.2 The value of RPBindicates the typical amount ofvariation that can be expected between test results obtained forthe same material by different operators using the differenthardness tester on different days. When comparing two testresults made under these conditions, a
38、measurement differenceof less than the RPBvalue for that material is an indication thatthe results may be equivalent.6.6.3 Any judgments based on the results would have anapproximate 95 % probability of being correct.6.6.4 Although the precision values given in Table 1 andTable 2 provide guidance on
39、 interpreting differences in mea-surement results, a complete evaluation of measurement un-certainty will provide a more definitive interpretation of theresults for the specific testing conditions.6.7 The data generally indicated the precision expectedwhen using a portable hardness tester.6.8 There
40、are no recognized standards by which to estimatethe bias of this test method.7. Keywords7.1 metallic; portable hardness testerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are e
41、xpressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not rev
42、ised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you m
43、ay attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United St
44、ates. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 2 Results of the Brinell Hardness Precision and BiasStudyMaterials Average Hardness Sr SR rPBRPBHBW 201 206.10 1.11 5.05 3.12 14.14HBW 315 316.81 1.69 5.17 4.73 14.48HBW 543 556.00 4.08 14.06 11.43 39.37E110 103
